This will serve as make-up for the missed class last Tuesday due to the suspension of classes. Cultural cosplay presentation resumes next week. Make-up class can still be scheduled if the class requests one.
YOUR COMMENTS HERE WILL BE JUST LIKE A RECIT.
Institutions (Japan)
YOUR COMMENTS HERE WILL BE JUST LIKE A RECIT.
Institutions (Japan)
Institutions are structures. In political science, these structures create
a certain form of order upon society and can become manifest in certain
forms. In an abstract fashion, laws are
institutions, they guide and can even compel citizens to perform certain acts,
or prohibit the doing of other actions, and laws can even create institutions
and force institutions to act. The
constitution is a good example. In
Japan, the Emperor is compelled to seek guidance from the cabinet before doing
any action on matters of state (1946 Constitution of Japan, Chapter I, Article
3). Japan’s constitution also prohibits
its government from developing its land, sea, and air forces as capable for war
(Chapter 3, Article 9). It also guides the
framing of statutes regarding qualifications of members of the two houses of
the Diet (Chapter IV, Article 44), and how the Prime Minister is selected from
among members of the Diet (Chapter V, Article 67).
In a more concrete level, the Government
itself along with the agencies that compose it are institutions performing
specific roles for the state. Nakabayashi
(2009) mapped out the evolution of political institutions that affected the
development of Japanese economy. The
Shogunate is an institution in the form of an agency. The Nakama
and central government under the
Emperor is also an agency. In the
article of Nakabayashi, there are also institutions in the forms of practices
such as Jito Shiki and kabu.
For our discussion, your task is
to place comments explaining unique Japanese institutions (that’s why I made them
vague above). Since you can do this at
home, the task is not about recall of knowledge but about your skill in
paraphrasing and discussing the concept of that institution along with your
supplemented research info on the topic.
****************************************************
For your Paper Instructions
As you can observe on UNIT 2 of
the Syllabus
The output is a State Profile
Here are important things to remember as a guide.
Here are important things to remember as a guide.
This paper will be a 4 page
paper.
The first 3 pages is textual content
(intro, discussion, and conclusion).
The 4th page is ½ simulacrum
and ½ reference list.
Content should be a neo-institutional
profile of an Asian Country.
1st Heading of
discussion should be about describing a chosen institution in the country.
2nd Heading of discussion
should be about your neo-institutional analysis (recall lessons in APPROACHES,
that is one of the elements that make this an advanced course).
A simulacrum is a visual
representation or a diagramatization of how the institution works (recall
lessons in Pol 201).
Read the syllabus for submission
details.
Salvador, Clarence Faye
ReplyDeleteGood day Sir! I would like to clarify something regarding the submission of the State profile paper. The syllabus says that we have to give it on Week 6. So do we have to submit it on July 9th or July 16th? I hope you can clear my confusion.
INOCENTES, CARLO LUIGI B.
ReplyDeleteOne of the great institutions or agencies in the parliamentary government of Japan is the Ministry of Defense. The Ministry of Defense, from what I literally understand about it, is that it tackles or focuses on the defence of the country, defense of the people and the defense of its land. The Ministry of Defense also determines strategic plans for the numerous military actions or activities for the development of their system in terms of weapons and other military capabilities.On January 9, 2007 the defense ministry of Japan was founded after 53 years after the establishment of the Defense Agency in 1954. With the construction of the said agency, one of the most important person in the formation of the ministry was General MacArthur who then by authorizes the foundation of the National Police Reserve which then by followed by the transition of the said Ministry in the year 2007 (Japan Ministry of Defense, 2007)—Japan’s Ministry of Defense is cooperating with the United States of America for international security affairs for they have this critical importance with the interests of the individual countries (Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2013). The Department or the Ministry of Defense also focuses on the different issues in the international community wherein they have addressed the issue of piracy in the Coast of Somalia and the Gulf of Aden which then it can be stated that the Parliamentary government of Japan’s responsiveness is not only in their sovereignty but also outside their vicinity.
Regencia, Lyle Ariane M.
ReplyDeletethe Constitution of japan which came effective on 1947, consists 11 chapters. the legislature or the Diet consists two houses, the house of Representatives and the house of councilors. the members of the diet was elected by the Japanese people every four years for house of representatives and every three years for house of councilors. the executive branch with the head of the government siting on top, which is the prime minister, was a elected by the members of the Diet. the Prime Minister create his cabinet by appointing his ministers that usually from the members of Diet.The judiciary consists of district courts, high courts, family courts, summary courts and supreme court which is the highest court of the land. judges from this court were appointed by the cabinet. the Emperor acts as the symbol or head of the state.
source: Japan-Guide
http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2136.html
Tec, Natasha
ReplyDeleteJito shiki is one of the most influential institutions back in traditional Japan. Shiki is a form of agreement wherein a delegated authority is given the privilege to acquire rent in return of his services while Jito pertains to the server who was appointed such responsibility. Jito Shiki is a word that personifies, privilege, respect and duty thus bestowed upon an honourable samurai because of their role as authorities of peace and order. Samurais were privileged to have their own stable distribution of land as they also held the duty to collect rent form manors for whenever they deem necessary. This gave samurai’s immense influence and power over the common people and even over the rich nobles. The main defender of this institution was Yoritomo Minamoto and his family. Because of his authority, samurais whammed for his favor and soon after the imperial government appointed him as the Shogun during 1192, marking the start of the Kamakura Shogunate. The Jito shiki in the end, paved the way for the development of administrative organizations and legal system to govern the hierarchy of samurais and the association of courts.
Maragay, Dave Alexander
ReplyDeleteKokkai or Diet is the term used by the Japanese for their Legislative Branch in government. At the same time it has also a bicameral structure which is divided by the House of Representatives (Shugi-in), the Upper House and the House of Councillors (Sangi-in), the Lower House. Using proportional representation form of election, 480 seats in the House of Representatives are divided into two sectors, 300 are elected from single-member constituencies and 180 are elected from 11 multi-member constituencies. On the other hand, the House of Councillors have 242 seats, 73 are elected from 47 prefectural districts using single transferable vote system; 48 are elected by a nationwide list through proportional representation. Both Houses are under the parallel voting system. The Diet is formally the responsible branch of government for selecting the Prime Minister. The House of Representatives can be dissolved by the Prime Minister or by a Cabinet in a no confidence vote while the House of Councillors cannot be dissolved. On the case of if both houses disagreed on matters of budget, treaties, and designation of the PM, the House of Representatives can assert on its decision. The House of Representatives can supersede a vote of the House of Councillors only by a two-thirds majority vote by the members that are present in all other decisions.
Source:
http://www.rogerdarlington.me.uk/Japanesepoliticalsystem.html
http://web-japan.org/factsheet/en/pdf/e08_governmental.pdf
GIMAO, JAN PATRICK S.
ReplyDeleteNational Diet or Kokkai, the national parliament in Japan, replaced the previous Imperial diet created under Meiji Constitution in May 20, 19467. It consist of two houses namely The House of Representatives (Shugi-in) has 480 members, elected for four-year terms and The House of Councilors (Sangi-in) has 247 members. The Diet shall be the highest organ of state power, sole law-making organ according to Article 41 of the constitution of Japan. The Diet’s powers are: Enactment of laws,Decisions regarding the budget and other matters related to national finances, Decisions regarding approval for the conclusion of international treaties, Designation of the Prime Minister, and Initiation of amendments to the Constitution. the two houses has its own power such as: Autonomy, right to conduct investigations regarding the government, and right to accept and vote petitions of laws and documents. The house of Representative may be dissolve in some circumstances like passing a non-confidence resolution, they must be dissolve or the cabinet must retire while the house of councillors cannot be dissolve. both houses are directly elected under a parallel voting system. the term of those who seat in house of representatives is 4 years and in house of councillors is 6 years.
SOURCES:
http://www.shugiin.go.jp/itdb_english.nsf/html/statics/english/kokkaiannai_e.pdf/$File/kokkaiannai_e.pdf
http://www.japan-101.com/government/national_diet__japan_government.htm
http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/at/jp_diet/govtjd01.html
BISCO, JODELYN E.
ReplyDelete3POL2
The Taisei Yokusankai also known as the Imperial Rule Assistance Association of Japan,a para-fascist organization that was created by Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe on October 12, 1940 to execute, lead, and promote the national movement. The leadership was to be assumed by the Prime Minister concurrently with his primary duties, and it was decreed that branches be established in Japan's prefectures and local government bodies, and that "cooperation councils" be established both centrally and regionally, as a way to enlist and organize the whole population into the Taisei Yokusan movement. However, as the Movement placed bitter enemies in the same boat that is it encompassed previously existing power centers such as the former political parties, as well as also the "renovation faction" - the Association proved hard to manage, and the Basic Plan for Realizing the Taisei Yokusankai could not be announced until some two months after the launch of the organization.
Source:
http://www.ndl.go.jp/modern/e/cha4/description12.html
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteEnriquez, Anne Laurice I.
ReplyDeleteThe Shogunate is shogun's rule or office. A shogun is a military dictator in feudal Japan from which his power was granted by the Emperor. 700 years after the first shogun was granted to its title, the military power evolved to become more powerful that it may be deemed to exceed the court officials' powers. Power constantly shifts authority from shogun to shogun usually passed by the father to the son unless local rebel leaders seize their power thus naming himself shogun and starting a new ruling family. With this being said, there had already been a number of shoguns from time to time. One of the most popular and powerful of them is Tokugawa shogunate which lasted for about 250 years of sustaining it's power even establishing a capital in Edo (present day Tokyo) and imposing a strict class system. They were also the last shoguns of the land after the 15th Tokugawa gave up his position to the emperor. The emperor cleared the systems which was established by the shoguns therefore wiping the traces of a shogunate.
http://web-japan.org/kidsweb/explore/history/q8.html
CRUZ, MARY ABIGAIL S. 3POL2
ReplyDeleteThe Shogunate, Japanese Bakufu, or the Shōgunshoku is an ancient institution in Japan from 1192 to 1867. This is usually a hereditary title granted by the Emperor to the country’s top military dictator. During the Heian period (794-1192) the members of the military gradually became more powerful than the court officials, and eventually they took control of the whole government. In 1192, a military leader called Minamoto Yoritomo had the Emperor appoint him shogun; he set up his own capital in Kamakura, far to the east of the Emperor's capital in Kyoto, near present-day Tokyo. For almost 700 years after that, Japan was ruled mainly by a succession of shoguns, whose titles were usually passed on from father to son. Sometimes the shogun's family would become weak, and a rebel leader would seize power from them, after which he would be named shogun and would start a new ruling family. Thus, they became the de facto rulers of Japan. So when the Portuguese first came into contact with the Japanese government, they described the situation in analogy, likening the emperor, who has great symbolic authority but little power, to the Pope, and the shogun with the great European leaders, for example, the King of Spain. The final shoguns were those of the Tokugawa clan, who came to power in 1603 and ruled until 1868. Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the dynasty, built a new capital in Edo, the city that is now Tokyo. In 1868 the fifteenth Tokugawa shogun, Yoshinobu, was forced to give up his position and return his power to the Emperor's court. The Emperor moved from Kyoto to Edo the following year, and his government swept away most of the systems established by the shogunate.
References:
Q. Who were the shoguns? (n.d.). Retrieved June 23, 2013, from Kids Web Japan: http://web-japan.org/kidsweb/explore/history/q8.html
Shogun. (2013, June 13). Retrieved June 23, 2013, from Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogun
Shogunate. (n.d.). Retrieved June 23, 2013, from Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.: http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/541431/shogunate
According to Webster’s dictionary institutions are public organizations with a particular purpose or function. In line with this, organizations were not possible to operate without a system that has a group of people interacting regularly and interdependently which will be formed as a unified group.
ReplyDeleteIn the 8th century, Japan’s imperial government has become really determined to centralize its power. They established the Imperial Legal Codes which states that all of the land area in Japan was belonged to the emperor however any kind of private property built right over the land was excluded. To add more indication that they want a centralized power, it was also stated in the Imperial Legal Codes under the taxation mechanism that any tax profits were going into the hands of the central government. But these rulings were not able to spread among those who lived on province and farms due to technological and transportation constraints. These conditions led the empire to a serious problem in having a total development for the country. Given these limitations, the government needs to have repossession of the farms and paddy fields to develop and manage them. As a result, an institutional change in the Imperial Legal Codes happened to the reality of the Japanese people. The institution of the Manorial System was built where the overall control and sovereignty of the land still belonged to the emperor but considerable tax profits and rents were given to the local agents. To make it simpler, the representative entrusted a specific duty to manage the land to a man then they will give the man a privilege to have a portion of the rent equivalent of his labor given. In this system, duties were distributed to different people. For example, the cultivation of land was taken by the farmers, the duty of keeping the public order were taken by the samurai, and the duty of arranging secondary works were taken by the nobles. This institution was dispersed and resulted to decentralization of power of the government.
SOURCES:
http://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/institution
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/system
Institutions and economic development of early modern Japan by Masaki Nakabayashi
Soliman, Ylliza Nicole J.
ReplyDelete3POL2
The manorial system in Japan during the 7th to 8th century was normally governed by the emperor. But in the late 8th century, the central government gave up their direct control because they cannot sustain their resources, directly collect taxes and so they delegate administrative duties to collect rent to local officials, nobles, etc. But because of the rising conflicts between the nobles, they organized armed commoners which gave birth to the samurais. They responsible to collect rents, keep public order and delegate duties. Many samurais was appointed and given privilege in taking over the lands. They are called "jito", the appointed samurai, and "jito shiki", also an appointed samurai which has the privilege with the duty. Eventually, Minamoto's political power was reorganized and was appointed as shogun. This was also the birth of Kamakura Shogunate. Many were against his leadership, so many also tried to bring him down but not of them succeeded. And by that time, the shogunate finally took control all over Japan. Institutions represents the people. Because without them, human beings are roughly equal in terms of power. How will people will going to act in the absence of the government like what Thomas Hobbes said. Relating this notion to the Philippines, Japan is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary government. The emperor is basically a symbol of the state. He has no political activities, just for ceremonials. Because they has its own body which are govern by the three branches of their government. We, as citizens of this republic, have the right to vote, civil rights, adherence, etc.
Sources:
http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2136.html
http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/japan/government
CASTILLO, Jocel Marie V.
ReplyDeleteNakama (fellows) was described as the bodies of merchants and craftsmen. It was formerly organized by the merchants in the Tokugawa Period. It was a trade union consisting men of the same occupation or a merchant who carried on any particular business to protect their economic interest. Nakama pay a definite sum to the government according to the number of their members.
In the 18th century, Yoshimune Tokugawa decided to partially delegate the governance authority again to Nakama. The merchant bodies in primary business charters allowed to monopoly their business and those chartered merchant bodies were obliged to govern trade. Thus, these circumstances permitted more charters in broader spheres. Kabu was the charter that permitted a special monopoly, and the privileged body like a guild was called Kabu Nakama. Nakama and Kabu-Nakama were used by the Shogunate to detect any attempts to innovate. These two associations bestowed market power and sees that they functioned in many ways similar to the Western guilds.
Sources:
http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~scotch/innovation/Japan.pdf
http://archive.org/stream/commercialhistor032745mbp/commercialhistor032745mbp_djvu.txt
http://www.iss.u-tokyo.ac.jp/publishments/dpf/pdf/f-146.pdf
LAUREL, ANNE MEDLYN C.
ReplyDeleteThe Shogunate is an institution ran by Shoguns.During the time from about the 8th century up until the end of the 12th century, Shogun was the title applied to the chief military commanders. It was later then applied to the hereditary officials who were able to govern Japan.The title Shogun was first used during the Heian Period, the time when it was bestowed upon a general occasionally after a successful campaign.Minamoto Yoritomo was able to seize military control to Japan in 1185 which led to him becoming a Shogun seven years later and he was able to build the first "bakufu" or Shogunate,the Kamakura Shogunate.Later Kamakura Shoguns lost to the Hojo family resulting to the appointment of the title Shogun to Ashika Takauji whom later established the Ashikaga Shogunate or also known as Muromachi Shogunate.But this Shogun's successors enjoyed even less governance over Japan than had the Kamukara Shoguns.The final Shoguns came from the Tokugawa clan, who were able to come into power in 1603 up until 1868. The founder of the Shogunate was Tokugawa Ieyasu. The Tokugawa Shogunate was said to be the most durable. This Shogunate succeeded the feudal land system and was able to establish a stable political system to rule feudal lords all over Japan.It was not only the central government but also had its own domain directly ruled by the Shogunate. The Tokugawe Shogunate remained firm and stable during their era unlike the other shogunate before them.In 1869,after an internal conflict over the reopening of of Japan to the outside world, Emperor Mutsuhito Meiji recovered the full powers of the emperors and took control of the government.It was during the time of Tokugawe period when relations with Europe/Western Countries had been open to Japan.
Sources:
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shogun
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/shogun
http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0098333.html
http://web-japan.org/kidsweb/explore/history/q8.html
http://www.iss.u-tokyo.ac.jp/publishments/dpf/pdf/f-146.pdf
ERESE, Fernando Jr. M.
ReplyDeleteAlong with the market economy boom of Japan in the late 18th century, came its rapid increase in lawsuits. Although it was an indication of a successful implementation of its commercial policy, the shogunate city court eventually had reached its limit in facing these lawsuits. In order to quell the problem, the reigning shogun Yoshimune Tokugawa decided to delegate the governing authority to the merchant guilds called “nakamas.” These chosen nakamas were permitted to monopolize their businesses through a charter called “kabu,” and were required to govern trade in their business. Thus, a chartered merchant guild is called a “kabunakama” (Nakabayashi, 2009).
The goal of the “kabunakamas” was to encourage cooperation, not competition, and always to work towards the goal of advancing the economy. They developed merchants’ moral codes, and those who were not following ethical market behavior, working uncooperatively and encouraging competition were turned away by their kabunakama fellows (Sansom, 1963).
By 1785, there were over one hundred “kabunakamas” in Osaka alone, which includes a number of granted special privileges by the shogunate, but taxed heavily in exchange. These groups were entrusted and authorized to control the nation's trade in precious metals and other staple commodities (Sansom, 1963).
In the 1840s, Mizuno Tadakuni, a “roju” (high-ranked Japanese elder), attempted to end the “kabunakama”, hoping to break monopolies, but his reforms against monopolies could not overcome the strong resistance of the merchants of Osaka. Thusm, he was forced to abandon his policies (Sansom, 1963).
Eventually, the "kabunakamas" were all disbanded in the late 19th century as Japanese economy modernized and new forms of business associations were created.
References:
Nakabayashi, M. (2009). Institutions and Economic Development of Early Modern Japan. Tokyo: Institute of Social Science,
University of Tokyo. http://www.iss.u-tokyo.ac.jp/publishments/dpf/pdf/f-146.pdf
Sansom, G. (1963). A History of Japan: 1615-1867. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
HERNANDEZ, Katrina Ysobelle
ReplyDeleteIt was the endeavor of the imperial government of Japan for a centralized and a more systematic form of government based on the Chinese legal and administrative system that the framework of “delegation” gave birth to manorial system.
Manorial system is essentially the emperor’s delegation of duties in governing lands since he has the supreme prerogative over all the farmlands of the empire. The real executive power is passed to the Samurais who are delegated to maintain the public order, collect taxes on behalf of the landlords while retaining portions for themselves. The efficiency of this method lasts only for a short period of time and is limited by the lack of technology in transportation since the manorial system has dispersed which means that the governance of these lands has become more difficult. In addition to this, some rights of the samurais and local leaders indicated in the Imperial Legal Code have been clearly violated especially on residual claims. All of this has resulted to some sort of “insurgencies.” In distant regions some samurais with the support of noble families have started to establish the power necessary to the rule provinces. This eventually gave an avenue to the birth of the samurai’s own form of government called Kamakura shogunate. The new form of government followed the Common Law (Japanese in nature) rather than the Imperial Legal Code (codified in Chinese) and was able to put up their own legal court. In short, the Kamakura shogunate has the power to enforce new laws that protects samurais’ jito shiki, the duty with rent. Because of this, samurais started to gradually invade territories under the charge of other samurais with equivalent privilege and have rule for over 20 years. With this situation, the territories and rents ruled by nobles were slowly declining. The Kamakura shogunate did not also last for long. It has actually lost its credibility due to the blatant manipulation of the Hojo clan - the most powerful family in Japan during that time. The Kamakura court tended to be always favorable for the Hojo family over disagreements on jito shiki. This has resulted to the advocacy of restoring the power of the emperor in governing the lands led by Godaigo. To achieve this he needed the help of two prominent leaders of the samurais, Ashikaga and Nitta in bringing down the Kamakura shogunate. After the collapse of the shogunate, Godaigo established the New Government of Kemmu, which gave back the power of direct governance to the emperor. But Ashikaga was excluded in this new government and again the samurais found themselves inferior over the nobles. The Imperial court has favored the nobles in disputes regarding the territory. In 1335, Takauji Ashikaga arrested emperor Godaigo and gave the empire a new emperor in the person of Komyo. A new shogunate was established in Kyoto and was named Muromachi shogunate and an extended version of the legal codes of Kamakura shogunate called the Shikimoku of Kemu was proclaimed. For a shot period of time, the samurais rose to power, took all the privileges of the nobles and temples on rent. With the development of farming techniques there was indeed an increase and productivity and quality of products. Farmers eventually have acquired the rights to gain a portion of the marginal increase. The Muromachi shogunate was the key to break the cycle of power tug-o-war with regards to land because it has given an avenue for the samurais and farmers to enhance their rights over the land. The imperial family, nobles and temples lost all their privileges to lands and hence the manorial system collapsed.
Sources:
http://www.iss.u-tokyo.ac.jp/publishments/dpf/pdf/f-146.pdf
http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=UJ93pBIURgMC&pg=PA379&dq=origin+of+manor+system+in+japan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Io3HUYLQNIbpiAfFw4DgCA&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=origin%20of%20manor%20system%20in%20japan&f=false
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteDE VILLA, BIEN ANTHONY A.
ReplyDeleteThe Ministry of Defense of Japan may not be a unique institution but its policies are interesting and it shows how Japan learned from its past. One of its policies is the "Exclusively defense Oriented policy" wherein the military force of Japan is limited to defensive actions and its military capability must not be too powerful to the extent that it causes threat to other nations. The three non-Nuclear principles of Japan indicate that Japan is not a nuclear weapons state and it prohibits manufacturing and acquisition of Nuclear weapons. We all know how powerful Japan is in terms of military capability during the World War II and it’s good to know that the things that happened in Japan like the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings and their rise and fall as a superpower helped them to construct policies that limit excessive use and possession of power that caused a bloody war that nearly wiped Japan out of the map.
Sources:
http://www.mod.go.jp/e/d_act/d_policy/dp02.html
http://www.mphpa.org/classic/HISTORY/H-07L.htm
Emeterio, Ma. Angela Q.
ReplyDeleteUnder the Kamakura shogunate, Jito Shiki can be seen as a system particularly for samurais. Shiki was the opportunity for a samurai to attain a portion of rent from a certain delegation while Jito was a local director. Samurais ardently wanted their jito shiki to be stable because it meant to be a secure distribution of land. This system led the samurais to obtain power and authority, thus, even on the nobles. Moving on, the Imperial Legal Codes asserted that property of the lands in Japan belonged to the emperor and nonetheless, private ownership of the lands was excluded. In that case, local leaders were the ones who managed the farms. However, there were constraints to rule the distant areas and led to a difficulty with this kind of system. And because of the evident inconsistency of development of the farms and lands, the Imperial Legal Codes was adjusted and formed a new institution, the Japanese manorial system. Under this institution, the ownership and sovereignty still belonged to the emperor however; a portion of the rent will be given to the officials. The principle of manorialism was the emperor will entrust a man to preside over to a land, and the emperor will then give him an opportunity to receive a portion of rent from the land he was presiding over. Furthermore, there were still people who helped the assigned man for the land like farmer, samurai and nobles. Managing of land is a collaborative work moreover; these people had the opportunity to receive a portion of rent too. The institution of manorialism had manifested certain improvements especially on the fields and farms. However, under the rule of Muromachi shogunate, the samurais were strongly protected. Moreover, famers had improved their means and increase their productivity. Traditional rulers’ opportunities declined and samurais’ privileges increased, thus, led to the decline of manorialism. As the manorialism declined, Tokugawa shogunate emerged. Under his reform, a farmer was guaranteed a piece of land and he was the only one who had the right to cultivate it. Moreover, samurai government who was ruled by Toyotomi Hideyoshi will be the only institution to collect tax. Institutions which were created and implemented has certain impact on the development of its economy. Thus, political institutions paved way for the organization of economy.
PEREZ, Mark Josep R.
ReplyDelete3POL2
The samurai were Japan's warrior class for seven centuries which emerged as military aristocrats and then as military rulers. Involvement in government began in 1156, and from 1160 to 1185. They can also be considered as a key factor on the emergence of what we call Shogunate. Before, their duty was to keep public order in local manors. However they required stable rent as a return for this kind of service they gave which was called shiki. Medieval samurai were generally illiterate, rural landowners who farmed between battles. Some developed the necessary skills for bureaucratic service, but most did not.
Taira was one of the two biggest groups of samurais which was led by the noble family Taira. And the other one was under the noble family Minamoto. At one point in Japan’s history, Minamoto became the dominant one over Taira particularly under the leadership of Yoritomo Minamoto. He gave made the imperial government guarantee a special privilege to the samurais that was called Jito Shiki. He was made by the government as a shogun. Shogun was the ultimate rank one could achieve in Japan. The Shogun was the Supreme Military Dictator. With the appointment of Shogun went absolute power: the Emperor's seal and mandate. The Shogun ruled in the Emperor's name. All power was derived from the Emperor because he was directly descended from the gods. Therefore any daimyo who opposed the Shogun were automatically in rebellion against the throne, and at once outcast and all his lands forfeit. This gave way to the emergence of the Kamakura Shogunate.
Kamakura is a city in Kanto region, the region which supported Yoritomo Minamoto in defeating Kiyomori Taira in 1185. This city was eventually chosen by Yoritomo Minamoto himself to be his base. His reasons for choosing Kamakura as his permanent base are believed to be, first, that the area had had a connection with the Minamoto family from the time of Yoriyoshi. Secondly, the strategic location of this region, surrounded as it is by hills on three sides and the ocean on the south, provided for defense against attack from the outside and for the control of the warriors in the east. For the next 150 years, Kamakura thrived as the political center of the military.
References
Abbasi, M. (1999). Life of the Samurai and Shogunates. Retrieved June 23, 2013, from Samurai Archives: http://www.samurai-archives.com/los.html
Kamakura Period (1192 - 1333). (2002, June 9). Retrieved June 23, 2013, from Japan-guide.com: http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2133.html
Minamoto no Yoritomo's establishment of the Kamakura government. (2012, December 8). Retrieved June 23, 2013, from The Kamakura Period: http://www.kcn-net.org/e_kama_history/index.html
Nakabayashi, M. (2009). Institutions and Economic Development of Early Modern Japan. The University of okyo , 2.
Ruiz, Prime Martin E.
ReplyDeleteI think the government institution of Japan really started to take its shape when it was trying to introduce Chinese culture to the lives of its people. But there were some hindrances to which brought out the rise of the shogunate which is basically a type of government ruled by a military leader by order of the emperor. Over the years, the emperor creates laws and uses the shogunate to instill his political power and had given samurai’s titles over land and the right or power to collect taxes from the people for their upkeep of peace and order over the land. These laws were created for the easy collection of taxes among the people and a stable upkeep of the peace and order of the country. These laws are made especially for land because of the agricultural environment of Japan. Technological advancement also helped them in improving the law that makes its suitable for the commoners, the nobles, and the samurai. Having said this, the shogunate did a lot of important things for the institution of Japan in its success in advancing in technology but also giving importance to their root culture. I cannot overlook the fact that this advancement was made by the shogunate’s power to advance from east of japan to the western part of their country and influencing or dethroning the emperor for their own sake.
Ramirez, Monica M.
ReplyDelete3POL2
Japan’s constitution gives emphasis to the peace, security and right of of its people and their continued existence to establish recognition throughout the world. Under its terms, the Emperor is regarded as ”the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people”. Moreover, the constitution did not recognize the belligerency of its people, therefore, will forever renounce war. Regards the constitution liberal aspiration, Japan had been under militaristic dictatorship headed by imperial family way back hundred years before, they were called as shogunate. The final shogunates that dominate Japan and clearly influence their economic status were the Kamakura and the Tokugawa shogunate. The Kamakura Shogunate ruled over most effectively Eastern part of Japan. Under Kamakura empire, the samurai partakes its duty in order to avoid conflicts on the delegation of privileges around the nobles. Moreover, they also headed the collection of rent in local manors while assuring their jito shiki. The so-called jito shiki is the title or privileged given to samurais to acquire their rent as they did their assigned duty. During this era, the Imperial Legal Codes had been abided by its people by whom any land or property belonged to the emperor, thus, exclude the necessary taxation. The collected tax will be directed to the central government. Moreover, its people would not receive any claims over revenue from these collected taxes. Due to imperial inconsistencies, its subordinates or its people that had been unjustified by their system create collective actions leading to the abolishment of the Kamakura Shogunates. After the demise of Kamakura, the Tokugawa Shogunates had come into existence. During this era, there had been a larger increase in the economic status of China and able to put into consideration the exclusive rights of the farmers. However, these incumbent shoguns maintain hierarchy by which the samurai is on the top followed by farmers, artisans and merchants. Tokugawa shogunate said to be more powerful than any other shogunates before as they able to remain firm in their command. However, despite its notoriety, they were forced to return the power to the Emperor’s court. Today, Japan had already been condensed into the modern world and at some point exercising mechanism in the past due to its influence in the economy but with sustained obedience to the current constitution.
MENDOZA, Agripino Luiz R. III
ReplyDeletePolitical institutions are organizations that shape the actions of political activities. These institutions lie right at the heart of political activity.
A unique political institution in Japan is called the Kuromaku (黒幕). The term Kuromaku originates from the black curtain of the Kabuki theatre, behind the black curtain are where scenes and costumes are changed for the play. The Kuromaku in the political system of Japan is an institution which plays a large part in Japanese politics because they manipulate political activity and legislation through behind-the-scenes channels that are difficult to monitor.
The Kuromaku is a powerful institution because they are able to affect and pass legislation and policy implementation behind the curtains and then present the passing or the execution of policies and legislation as the actions of the Diet or the prime minister, this sort of underhanded tactics give them the power to divert responsibility from public view. The Kuromaku is interspersed into other political institutions, this network could be likened to bossism where there is the boss and there is the follower. The Kuromaku is not built on a rigid organization but instead on a network of bosses and followers and this in turn creates the powerful effects that kuromaku politicians have on Japanese politics.
A good example of a Kuromaku activity is where Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita in an effort to pass an unpopular tax bill makes a series of phone calls to a religious leader in order to pressure the opposition political party to cave in and vote for the bill. Theoretically the passing of the tax measures does not put PM Takeshita too much in the shadows of responsibility because the diet and the opposition shares the responsibility of passing the bill.
http://kitzing.wordpress.com/2011/07/17/sample-post-2/
http://www.rcrinc.com/tanaka/intro.html
http://archive.metropolis.co.jp/biginjapanarchive349/332/biginjapaninc.htm
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E5%B9%95
http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=GRqPlwVz6t8C&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86&dq=Kuromaku+politics&source=bl&ots=DaDO_IPjSP&sig=OxGHSIZnn3Vc5y4I27Oy62rN8IE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=T-HHUbrHGauViAefyYAo&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Kuromaku%20politics&f=false
http://gogen-allguide.com/ku/kuromaku.html
GUARIN, KRISTINE FAYE C.
ReplyDelete3POL2
Japan, like some other states have two heads, the Chief of State and Head of the government. The Former is called the emperor and the latter is the prime minister.
This wealthy and powerful country is a constitutional monarchy with a parliament government. A country that is with this kind of government is whose ruled by a king or queen (or in their case by the emperor) whose power is m=limited y the constitution, and that the real executive power is vested in a cabinet composed of member of the legislature who are individually and collectively responsible to the legislature. before, sovereignty resides to the emperor and is vested in the japanese people, and the emperor is defined as the symbol of the state.
in the past, particularly during the reign of the shogunates and samurais, all the landlords and workers taxes are then offered to the shoguns and samurais, but when the external trade occurred, and people became exposed with their neighboring countries, the one's holding much power became scared that they limit the trade of their people and allowed it in a little part of their territory. but change is inevitable, the US have to meddle with this issue and force, not directly, them to open their ports and allow other prospective merchants to do their trade.
More things happened in the past like how they have this uniform kind of payment called money, on how there's always a difference with the tax rates the people are paying and how the commoners began to rise up. but all in all, this just made them strong, wealthy and one of the first world countries.
SOURCES:
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/parliamentary%20government
http://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/dictionary/american/constitutional-monarchy
http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/japan/government
MONTESA, Albert Vincent B.
ReplyDeleteThe current constitution that takes effect just after the end of World War II states that the emperor is a symbol of the state and of the unity of the people without powers relating to the government. The imperial family as a symbol of the state still performs a prominent role in the Japanese society. They receive state guests from other countries and make overseas visits that enable them to have a role in international friendship. The imperial family also maintains a wide contact among the Japanese citizens through their attendance in various important events across the nation. They are widely respected by the Japanese people. In all his state functions, the emperor must have the advice and approval of the cabinet. In analyzing these facts, we can say that this symbolic institution still has the power to influence the whole Japanese citizenry. If ever the government fails to fulfill its obligations and duties, the sympathy of the people goes to the imperial family. Their dignity as a symbolic institution is obviously isolated from the Japanese government.
Source: http://web-japan.org/kidsweb/explore/imperial/index.html
Cabanit, Joseph A. 3POL2
ReplyDeleteDaimyo were powerful feudal lords in japan. They are the ones who hold large private land, who built castles and who employed warriors or the now a day called private army. In there rise to power, these daimyos have warred against each other and created a civil war era they called "Sengoku Jidai" lasted from 1534 to 1615. It only ended when Tokugawa Ieyasu became the ruler of japan and started the Tokugawa Shogunate.
In the era of the Tokugawa shogunate, daimyos are reduced to subordinates to the central government that is place on edo (present day tokyo) from kyoto. The daimyos are divided into two groups the inner( fudai) and the outer(tozami). There is a division in the daimyos because of the battle of sekigahara that cemented the leadership of tokugawa. The inner groups are those who supported tokugawa before the battle while the outer are those daimyos who supported after. The outer daimyos are subjected to restrictions.
In becoming a daimyo a warlord must own a land capable of producing 10,000 koku of rice per year. Those who don't get the quota and only produce atleast 260 koku are given the title og hatamoto. This title give right to a personal audience with the shogun. Any lords who produces less than 260 koku are called gokenin. Those gokenin can only be a bureaucrat in the government.
The shoguns maintain the daimyos check through a sankin kotai which requires the daimyos to attend to the shogun. Another is the system of hostages where those who are with questioned loyalty are required to place their son in the residence of the shogun. Also daimyos are check through spies that is planted by shogun.
References:
http://www.japanese123.com/daimyo.htm
http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/149919/daimyo
SALVADOR, CLARENCE FAYE E.
ReplyDeleteThe most unique institution in Japan are the Samurais (bushi in Japanese). The bushis are more than just a political institution. They have been part of the lives of the Japanese ever since, directly or indirectly. They are more than just the armed nobles that literally brought peace and order in the society during the 8th century. The Samurais serve as one of the national identities of Japan from then up to now. This is what makes them unique from all Japanese insitutions
ALONZO, Carol Anne A.
ReplyDelete3POL2
The practice of Jito Shiki performs a significant role in the development of the society in Japan. It is considered to be a privilege to be appointed as a jito that represents the local director and obtain the duty of acquiring rents. It is the principal role of the samurais to keep public order and to collect rents in local manors. Thus, this practice also serves as the bases of the modern legal system in Japan. It is important to maintain an orderly society and to be able to protect the properties of each individual from the state. Since the samurais were the only armed force, they wanted to keep this practice and make sure that it will be protected because it also represents power and authority. Supreme owners of manors particularly the nobles, imperial family or temples, however authorizes the duties of the samurais in order to preserve the practice of jito shiki. The Kamakura shogunate that is considered as the first politically independent government, gave so much attention in protecting the shikis of the samurais based on the Imperial Legal Codes. This is mainly because the central government did not have sufficient resources to rule all over Japan and to be able to collect taxes.
SOURCE:
Makashi, N. (2009). Institutions and economic development of early modern Japan. Tokyo: ISS Discussion Paper Series.
DOÑA,ROSE ANNE C.
ReplyDelete3POL2
With the centralization of the imperial government of Japan, tax revenues over lands belonged to the government as prescribed by the Imperial Legal Codes which governed the legal-administrative system. However, because of geography and insufficiency in resource to directly rule over Japan and collect taxes, local administrative delegates were designated by the emperor. In the 8th century, within the conditions of the said centralization local leaders had no claim over revenue; thus they did not have appropriate incentives to manage and develop land. A new instititution was formes to respond to this failure and was called the Japanese manorial system; there was an adjustment in the Imperial Legal Codes. The basic principle of manorialism follows the delegation of duties to local leaders (now as intermediary agents) to govern land who received a portion of the revenues as a quid pro quo (in exchange of the duty). This system creates a plurality of duties performed by farmers (cultivation), samurai (maintenance of public order), nobles( subordinates), and the emperor (supreme ownership). Each strata then by specific duty was accompanied with specific rent. This system thus worked better to provide stronger incentives for development especially for each local community.
ALJON G. PANGAN
ReplyDeletePolitical Institutions are groups or organizations that help mitigate collective-action problems as well as weapons of coercion and redistribution (Moe, 1990). They also serve to enforce, create laws and mediate conflict within the society.
As early as 7th century, Japanese already had their own political institutions. One of those established institutions is what they call “Samurais.” This institution was established because of the emerging conflicts among the nobles themselves, to mitigate the uprising clashes between noble families. Samurais were given political authorities by the imperial government to mediate the conflicts of the noble families, and because of that they were called “servers” or “samurais” in Japanese. After five centuries, samurais gathered into two emerging faction first under the noble family of Taira, second under Minamoto’s noble family. The Samurais wanted their jito shiki to be safe and stably secured. Jito shiki is the principle stating that a samurai will acquire his stable and secured rent in return of its services and delegated duties. Also, the Kamakura Shogunate guarantees the samurais their specific privileges to collect rent from the manor accompanied with the duty to keep local public order. These political institutions, especially the samurai, serve the country as well as the people in maintaining peace and order, settling conflicts, mediating chaotic society, applying and enforcing laws.
Moe, T. M. (1990). Political Institutions: The Neglected Side of the Story . Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, pp. 213-253.
Nakabayashi, M. (2009). Institutions and Economic Development of Early Modern Japan. Tokyo: Institute of Social Science,University of Tokyo. http://www.iss.u-tokyo.ac.jp/publishments/dpf/pdf/f-146.pdf
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteSIM CARLO JESUEL L. ARRIOLA
ReplyDeleteA 'shogun' is primarily the title granted by the Emperor to the top military commander in ancient Japan, but later became the title for the ruler of the so-called 'Shogunate of Japan' (12th Century until 1867-68).
Everything started when Minamoto Yoritomo was appointed by the Emperor to be a shogun because of being able to defeat the Taira Clain in the 'Genpei Wai', and then yielded actual power over the country leaving the Emperor of Japan act just like a mere figurehead of the whole land of Japan. Minamoto was able to set up his own capital in Kamakura and this practice of him lasts for almost 700 years more through succession of the ruling shoguns (passed on by the Father to his son). However, their reign did not become sturdy enough. The shogunate collapsed after the 'Meiji Restoration.'
Villegas, Angelica Bianca R.
ReplyDeleteOne of the major and unique institutions that was mentioned in this article is the Shogun or the so called shogunate. This set of leaders are the actual wealth holders and wealth distributor in the country. Japan as we all know was fond of having their people trained as leaders, servers and of course to become a great samurai. this was not always the means of having leader in the country. The shogun, is not typical just a leader of the factual holders of information in japan but also they're used in educational purposes but they are also business dwellers. The shogun is historically informative in creating the new tradition in japan or influenced the whole community in the cross-cultural learning. to sum it up shogun is all in all, the most fundamental and the most used institution in Japan, not only it teaches us how to defend ourselves but also because it can inspire many different sectors of culture in different meanings. It can really inspires people in the different community to teaches the children at their early age for them to become trained well and become a very responsible person like the shoguns.
Smith, H. (1980). Learning from shogun. http://www.columbia.edu/~hds2/learning/Learning_from_shogun_txt.pdf
MENDOZA, MIA CIELO P.
ReplyDelete3POL2
It is apposite to know that Japan's political institutions resemble the British and the German on the surface but in practice they continue old patterns of factionalism and, behind the scenes, power brokering from the feudal era. Considering the rich and distinctive development of the political history of Japan including its institutions it is best to distinguish its inimitable structures.
The Japanese established their political institutions in the seventh century. The shogunate or the government of shogun or hereditary military dictator is considered to be a part of Japan’s political institution that created a big impact in history. The term shogun appeared in various titles given to military commanders commissioned for the imperial government’s 8th- and 9th-century campaigns against the Ezo (Emishi) tribes of northern Japan. During the Heian period (794-1192) the members of the military gradually became more powerful than the court officials, and eventually they took control of the whole government. In 1192, a military leader called Minamoto Yoritomo had the Emperor appoint him shogun; he set up his own capital in Kamakura, far to the east of the Emperor's capital in Kyoto, near present-day Tokyo. For almost 700 years after that, Japan was ruled mainly by a succession of shoguns, whose titles were usually passed on from father to son. Sometimes the shogun's family would become weak, and a rebel leader would seize power from them, after which he would be named shogun and would start a new ruling family.
The shoguns proved to be a recognized structure of rules and principles within which the above organizations operate, including such concepts as the right to vote, responsible government, and accountability thus strengthening the definition of political institution in Japan.
References:
http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/541431/shogunate
http://web-japan.org/kidsweb/explore/history/q8.html
http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_roskin_countries_9/53/13716/3511424.cw/index.html
http://africanhistory.about.com/od/glossaryp/g/def-Political-Institutions.htm
GONZALEZ, Jed Nathaniel M. 3POL2
ReplyDeleteThe shogunate is one of the unique Japanese institutions established back in ancient Japan. "Shogun" is a title granted by the Emperor to top military officers. Later on, the shogun became so powerful that it rendered the Emperor as a mere figurehead. This title/position has been passed down from father to son, but in some occasions local rebellions occur, overthrowing the reigning shogun and replacing him with the rebel leader. These shoguns can sustain their power for many years, having local empires of sorts. Later on, this system has been dissolved.
Romano, Harvey Leo M
ReplyDeleteJapan has a very unique form of government and institutions. These evolve because of the blending of the Chinese form of government which they abided when they were occupied and their traditional law which was created by the early Japanese.
In the late 8th century, Eastern Japan “came under” (Nakabayashi, 2009) the imperial government of Chinese Empire. They followed the Taiho Imperial Legal Codes which is written in Chinese. In this code, it states that there will be a centralized state governed by the emperor. However, problems arise in the central government and they cannot able to directly rule all over Japan. This incapability in ruling gives way to the establishment of Shogunates. Shogunate is a form of local organization composed of the Japanese who are in the position to create a “politically independent government” (Nakabayashi, 2009, p. 4). The different shogunates rule over some regions of Japan despite of the Imperial Government of China. This emerges during proliferation of the Feudal system in Japan. We can juxtapose the occurrence of the Samurai culture during the era of Shogunate. Samurais were the military nobility of feudal Japan who served over lord Shoguns. They “collect rent from manors that were accompanied by the duty to keep local peace and order” (Nakabayashi, 2009, p. 2). The samurai who was delegated in that duty is called Jito and the privilege with the duty called jito shiki. Some examples of Sogunates are the Kamakura Shogunate which reigns in the Eastern part of Japan and Muromachi shogunate which holds power in Kyoto.
After several years of being controlled by different agencies in terms of economic system, Nobunaga made a commercial reform in the late medieval period. He abolished the manorial system and provided a judicial service instead of delegating the governance of trade to private bodies. But this does not eliminated the bodies of craftsmen and merchants which still govern trades. This group of craftsmen and merchants were called “nakama”. The development in the market system resulted to a number of lawsuits. Because of this the shogun decided to appoint the nakamas or merchant bodies to monopoly their business. The charter that was permitted to a special monopoly is called “kabu” and the guild was called “kabu nakama” or coalition of merchants.
Source
Nakabayashi, M. (2009). Institutions and Economic Development of Early Modern Japan. Tokyo, Japan: Institute of Social Scince, The University of Tokyo.
The Japanese Manorial system was developed during the warring times (feudal era of Japan), due to insufficiency of resources to directly rule over Japan and to directly collect taxes (since any piece of land in Japan belonged to the emperor except for the lands that has private property rights, as by The Imperial Legal Code, Taiho Ritsuryo).
ReplyDeleteThe following points are the best description for this system
• Formation of social strata in which is level is delegated a particular role, e.g. farmer cultivates the fields, samurai keeps peace and order, nobles or shoguns govern a particular region of the nation. Shoguns however develop there own legal system resulting to independence from the imperial government
• Decentralization of power of the government gave rise to powerful Shoguns who take control of a particular region. Shoguns were the de facto rulers of Japan though they were nominally appointed by the emperor.
• Taxation becomes more efficient since strata were developed each particular agent from the strata gets a portion of tax depending on land size, except for the farmers as they are considered to be serfs or slaves were paid fixed.
Since Manorialism in Japan was established, political power was shifted to the shoguns, thus the judicial system always favoured the shoguns. The samurais under the direct rule of the shoguns become unsatisfied resulting to uprising and a new system was developed in favour of the samurai and the peasant class that will later on evolve as a new political system in Japan.
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/manorialism
http://www.iss.u-tokyo.ac.jp/publishments/dpf/pdf/f-146.pdf
http://web-japan.org/kidsweb/explore/history/q8.html
GALVEZ, JEAN CLAUDETTE L.
ReplyDelete3POL2
Institutions comprise for example contracts and contract enforcement, protection of property rights, the rule of law, government bureaucracies and financial markets (Ferrini, 2012). I would like to take note of the discussion of Nakabayashi in which the institutions of Japan were mentioned and indeed, these institutions and their systems had contributed a lot in their government.
Before shogunate which is a significant institution in Japan has formed, there was already a system that had been practiced in Japan. This system was the manorial and was used by the institution of the imperial government which led to a centralized state. The said government was into delegated duties and privileges. Indeed, these duties will not exempt the military ones that’s why servers are important factors in the development of other institutions, thus, the shogunates. But before this, during the manorial system in the old empire, shiki was considered as a specific delegated duty among the local manors.
Conflicts could not be avoided. These led to the formation of the Kamakura shogunate. Earlier, before this creation, jito shiki has been a significant thing to the earned political power of the shogun and the establishment of the said shogunate. Although, it already ruled Japan, local leaders had brought up the reclamation especially over revenue of their lands. Manorialism has been back again into the living of the people in Japan specifically those who govern a land. Jito shiki was in the center of conversations again during this time.
To be favorable with certain family will not bring social welfare in Japan. This time, Muromachi shogunate protected the rights and privileges of the samurais and ensured to increase the productivity of their agriculture through the farmers. Fixed rate of taxation was a good thing during the shogunate but the development of peasant economy was not given attention efficiently. Indeed, the Tokugawa era had considered the strong incentives for the farmers still for the same reason of productivity. In line with this, the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate had brought several developments in Japan (Nakabayashi, 2009).
Obviously, shogunate had been a great institution for the development of Japan especially in agriculture and in political power.
References
Ferrini, L. (2012, September 19). Student Essays. Retrieved June 24, 2013, from e-International Relations: http://www.e-ir.info/2012/09/19/the-importance-of-institutions-to-economic- development/
Nakabayashi, M. (2009, August). Institutions and economic development of early modern Japan. pp. 1-9.
TAW, CHLOE NICOLE
ReplyDeleteThe Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) is the agency in their country that promotes science and technology. They also promotes the development of human resources in science and technology, international exchange, science and technology in local communities, and the safety of nuclear energy. Our generation is somewhat gearing up technology wise and Japan is one of the countries that is leading this change. This ministry is a big part of the reason why Japan is advance electronic wise. We have Canon, Sony, Panasonic and other electronics industry that came from this country. The ministry may not be the most unique among other institutions but this has made them the 1st world country that they are now at present.
http://alttox.org/ttrc/japan/govt-institutions.html
The Ministry of Defense's goal is to promote peace and order within its territory and with other nations. It has been making a lot of efforts for the Ministry to moderate their defense capability for the avoidance of becoming a military power that might pose a threat to other countries unless for a self-defense. A self-defense would mean in the event of an attack wherein the use of the defensive force is kept into the minimum. In that case, Japan has the Three Non-Nuclear Principles which means they will not use nuclear weapons, they will not produce nuclear weapons and they will not allow to acquire nuclear weapons since Japan has an obligation to not produce and acquire nuclear weapons as stated in the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT).
ReplyDeleteIt is good to know that Japan has signed a treaty like NPT since we all know the damage it caused in World War II. The country has been a great threat way back in WWII.
BALDOS, Eunice Sushmita M.
ReplyDelete3POL2
Economic development became an underlying catalyst in the constant alternation of political institution during the Early Japanese Period. It was the era of feudalism in which various institutions emerged; one of such was the Shogunate. The unsuccessful attempt of the Japanese Imperial Government to directly rule its society, which caused them to delegate administrative duties accompanied by the privilege of collecting rent, paved the way for the rise of what is known to be as a government ruled by a military dictator.
During the Heian era, delegation of military duties to local governors occurred in order to suppress the conflict among nobles. Local governors then organized groups of soldiers called the ‘samurais’ which were tasked to maintain public order as well as to collect rent in local manors. Since manorialism was the adapted system in Japan during that period, samurais were guaranteed of jito shiki, a privilege of acquiring rent from manors as a return service of their delegated duties. However, such privilege was not invincible from alterations so the jito shiki must be strongly protected. After the defeat of the appointed Prime Minister Kiyomori Taira who refused the samurais’ request of protecting the jito shiki, Yoritomo Minamoto gained full support from samurais and successfully had the imperial government ratify the discarded appeal. That moment marked the establishment of the first military government to be called as Kamakura Shogunate.
Several shogunates emerged and became prominent actors in Japanese politics until its decline during the Meiji Era which was also the start of westernization of Japan. Despite of its abolishment, the Shogunate will always remain as one of the most notable and unique Japanese institutions.
Sources:
http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/541431/shogunate
Nakabayashi, M. (2009). Institutions and Economic Development of Early Modern Japan. Tokyo, Japan: Institute of Social Scince, The University of Tokyo.
The Shogunate institution that the traditional Japanese people once had is considered as one of the unique institution that the Japanese had. The power of the Shogun, the head of the entire government is considered absolute because only direct descendants from gods, the emperor, could give him that power. What differentiates this from the other institutions is that unlike those rulers, wherein their power were vested on them by a medium of a god, or a message from a god, the Shoguns have more power because the blessing that we're given to them came straight from the gods themselves, which in traditional Japan we're the Emperors . Although there are historical accounts that explain that the real power really do come from the emperor, and not from the Shoguns, the absolute rule of the Shogun without constraints from anyone makes the Shogunate a very unique institution.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.iss.u-tokyo.ac.jp/publishments/dpf/pdf/f-146.pdf
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shogun
Braga, Larrence Paolo R.
ReplyDelete3POL2
The government of Japan, which is a constitutional monarchy where the Emperor mostly functioned as symbol of the state, is consist of 3 branches namely the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial and the Legislative, the National Diet, as the "sole law making organ of the state." It's a bicameral parliament, the House of Representatives (480 members) and House of Councilors (242 members). and were voted by the people. Both houses are required to meet at least once a year, as per by the Constitution of Japan. They differ in some cases like the number of years you can serve and the age of when you can run for office. Unlike in our country were the Senate and the House of Representatives are equal in terms of power, the lower house, which is the House of Representatives is more powerful. For example, a bill is passed in the lower house but rejected by the upper house, the lower house can override the upper house's rejection by voting and garnering two-thirds of it. The houses have a vital role in Japan's progress and government as they are one of the institutions that will shape their country.
sources:
http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2136.html
http://www.gocurrency.com/articles/stories-japan-diet
http://fpcj.jp/old/e/mres/publication/jp/government/three.html
MACAYANA, CELVIN JOHN J.
ReplyDelete3POL2
Since the Meiji constitution was drafted in 1890, Japan has been a constitutional monarch. After the war, in 1947, the parliament adopted a new constitution that was drafted by the advisers of the Allied occupation forces. The new constitution gave way to equality of sexes and extension of suffrage to all adult citizens. The same constitution also assigns the emperor a symbolic role as head of state.
Diet is the Japanese parliament that consist of two houses, the House of Councilors which is the Upper House and the House of Representatives which is the Lower House. The members of the Upper House are elected by both national and local constituencies while the members of the Lower House are elected only by the local constituencies. The Lower House has a greater political power than that of the Upper House. The Prime Minister of Japan is elected from the Lower House.
In the House of Representatives, 480 members are elected while in the House of Councilors there are 242 elected members. The term of the Representatives is 4 years but it can be shortened if the Prime Minister decides to dissolve the chamber and call for a snap election. Meanwhile the Councilors serve for 6 years with half of them are replaced every three years. Diet members are often called “sensei”.
Before being a member of the Japanese Diet, one must be at least 25 years of age to be able to run for a position in the Lower House while at least 30 years of age is the requisite for the Upper House. 3 million yen is the amount required if one is running for electoral districts and 6 million yen if one desired to join by proportional representation.
If a candidate wins they will get their money back but if one lost, the money will be kept by the Election Administration Commission. Candidates must have “jiban”(base), “kanban” (signboard) and “kaban” (bag) which translates to strong electoral support base, wide public recognition and lots of money to spend.
SOURCES:
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/01/04/news/the-basics-of-being-a-lawmaker-at-the-diet/#.UchWlTtJN5I
http://www.everyculture.com/Ja-Ma/Japan.html#b
MIGUEL, Nicole Kenneth C.
ReplyDelete3POL2
During the history of Japan, they have a unique government system that can only be found on Japan, and this is the "Tokugawa Shogunate". "Shogunate" means a high military dictator that is capable of leading his subjects into imperialism.. But Tokugawa Ieyasu, founder and the main leader of the Tokugawa Shogunate, imposed a peculiar plan of leading his subjects. He was able to "isolate" Japan from the rest of the world he was able to strengthen Japanese identity by using "Neo-Confucianism" as an ideology of strengthening its nation. It was able to impose solidarity among its people by stressing good morals, education, etc. and strictly implemented class system and hierarchy By reducing its contacts on the outside world, Japan has strengthened its economic policies and popular culture has flourished The impact of western culture in Japan is minimal due to its separation from the outside world.
Although this institution has long been abolished due to several reasons: financial crisis, corruption, etc. and even though this has already been replaced by newer constitutions, it cannot be denied that the Tokugawa Shogunate has been an important part of Japanese history and that its institutions will be remembered up to this day and for the years to come.
Sources:
http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2128.html
http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/541431/shogunate
Magsarili, Luis Miguel F.
ReplyDelete3POL2 Irregular Student
When Tokugawa Ieyasu unified the country after the decisive Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 and the attacks on Osaka Castle in 1615 where the rival Toyotomi family perished, he gave birth to a new government which transformed Edo, a small, quiet and simple town, into a huge political city by aggressive public works including land reclamation, new canals and clean water supply systems. He became the first shogun of the Edo Bakufu in 1603. Edo, The Tokugawa family ruled the country in the next 264 years (15 shoguns in all). Ieyasu Tokugawa was deified and worshiped in Nikko Toshogu Shrine (even today).
During the Edo Period, the Bakufu-Han sytem reigned over. It was based on ranks starting from the Shogun, the highest, supreme commander of the military government. Bakufu, a residence of a military ruler. And Daimyo. a regional samurai ruler who runs Han, a local government.
Politically, it was a centralized system. Economically, it was decentralized and poor. Blame the Bakufu for not being interested and not capable of making good economic policies. Thus, rendering people with poor health. (ex: food shortage)
Reference:
http://www.grips.ac.jp/teacher/oono/hp/lecture_J/lec02.htm
http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1384462663