Hello 2Pol,
just a short essay quiz for you this time.
Based on the reading the current reading:
"Tracing Origins: ‘Ilustrado’ Nationalism and the Racial Science
of Migration Waves"
You are to identify one of the supporting arguments of the author. Then provide your own stand whether to give support or a polemic on that idea.
Show logical reasoning, and mastery of political: nationalist and normative arguments.
1-4 sentences
10 pts.
Metric
1-2 = Very sloppy output: reasoning and composition
3-4 = Unprepared, flawed output
5-6 = Average output with minor flaws/errors
7-8 = Good output
9-10 = Exceptional output
P.S. We will skip discussion on
Rizal, Jacinto, Mabini – On Man and Society
Instead, by Monday, our discussion will be on
"Apolinario Mabini – The True Decalogue"
P.S. We will skip discussion on
Rizal, Jacinto, Mabini – On Man and Society
Instead, by Monday, our discussion will be on
"Apolinario Mabini – The True Decalogue"
Filomeno Aguilar Jr. supports the notion that Filipinos originated from the third wave of Malays, who pushed the former settlers of the lowlands to the highlands or the “inland push theory” proposed by Dr. H. Otley Beyer. I wanted to disagree with this conception of driving the earlier settlers of the Philippines to the mountains because not all Negritos live on the highlands. One of which were the Taboy tribe, they inhabit the island of Rapurapu, Albay, both the coastal sea and the inland (Think Quest, 2004). I utilize the local origin theory of F. Landa Jocano that Filipinos already exist long time ago and inhabits the Philippines islands that we could assert as primordial approach to nationalism, furthermore the existence of Taboy tribe dwelling at the coastal sea of Rapurapu, albay debunked the conception of inland push theory.
ReplyDeleteReference
Think Quest. (2004). Retrieved February 9, 2013, from thinkquest.org: http://library.thinkquest.org/C003235/negrito2.html#
In the article of Aguilar, he used Otley Beyer's theory about the three races that came here in the Philippines before. In the following paragraphs, the malayan race, the mountain dwellers and some ethnic minorities were considered inferior to the 'Illustrados' or the Tagalog man, that even the Spaniards do not considered them to be part of their colony, maybe one reason was because they were in the remote areas. The minorities aren't uncivilized as they were deemed to be, if one's standard is being dressed properly or living in a real good community, but that is based on their norms, maybe what is civilized for them is what they are doing now. One of the things I learner from Political Theory, in Frohoc's article, he states that having a cluster of meaning for just a word is the best way to define or describe it, this is because people have different views on different isuues, acknowledging one's opinion is the right thing, we are not confined to the norms set in the society, in which we could really use, when we are to adress this minority group, as a Filipino as well, not just an 'inferior' kind.
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteI can't seem to agree on how the author made the Negritos synonymous to primitivity and savagery. Choosing to be and being inhabitants of the highlands rather than accepting the Spanish culture and conversion to Catholicism doesn't necessarily mean that they are uncivilized. Even before the Spaniards came, they already had signs of civilization, conformity with the natural laws being one. Definitions and concepts are rooted to different views and to refer to Nietzsche's philosophy, people have diverse perspectives and so interpretations vary.
ReplyDeleteDe Castro, Mairell Claire
ReplyDelete2POL2
I agreed with delos Reyes saying that Philippines has been civilized even before the Spanish colonial period. This was because there were indicators that shows that Filipinos were not savage anymore like having the use of instruments in order for them to get food, practicing religion that made their communities somehow united and culture that bound them through time. The Filipino people may lived simply before but that doesn't mean that what kind of lifestyle they have is uncivilized because we are so "westernized" in the concept of what is "civilized" or not. We didn't even consider that before, Filipinos have their own culture and way of living and I think it can be considered as "civilized" one.
EMETERIO, MA. ANGELA Q.
ReplyDelete2POL2
The Propaganda Movement’s campaign for assimilation – this campaign was meant to view that Filipinos deserved fair treatment because they were Spaniards - caught my attention to disagree with their goal. First of all, they deserved fair treatment not because they ‘were Spaniards’ but because they own the Philippines, thus, they are the true citizens of the country. Second, these Filipinos will not identify themselves if these people behind the campaign for assimilation continued to identify themselves as they were the other Spaniards. And lastly, this campaign viewed the ‘primitive races’ as a hindrance and conveyed the message that the Philippines had not reached the stage of enlightenment that would merit concession of political rights; Ilustrados being part of the campaign are really the educated ones, if these people behind the campaign for assimilation only knew how to empower every class or perhaps type of people in the country, then it would lead for a united nation because they have identified themselves.
SOLIMAN, YLLIZA NICOLE J.
ReplyDelete2POL2
In connection to the article, Aguilar argues that, "Filipino ancestors came in three successive waves", commonly known as the Migration Wave theory proposed by Dr. H. Otley- Beyer. We as Filipinos, are predominantly Malay in race. However, in our character and in our behavior, we are considered to be among the most cosmopolitan in the world. And I am disagreeing with the author because race was not a question to be resolved by scientific investigation but a weapon in a war or conflict between unequal opponents. Accepting Catholicism is not necessary means that we are savage and uncivilized. Because I think that during the Pre-Colonial times, Filipinos construct their own system of education, economic system like trading and agriculture and most specially legal system of government like the barangay. And therefore "Diversity and division mark the Spanish Philippines", quoting Aguilar.
Ruiz, Prime Martin E.
ReplyDelete2POL2
I support in the argument the author gave about Rizal’s idea that the Spaniards did not colonize all of races in the Philippines. In Rizal’s representation Las sociedades malayo-filipinas there were two kinds of “races” in the Philippines. Agreeing to this representation of Rizal, I think that it is still visible today; Rizal refers to as the civilized Filipino and the mountain tribes. But I would disagree Catholicism will be or can be the basis for our civilization, in the mere fact that these mountain tribes have their own beliefs and culture shows that they have created their own identity. Another thing is that we lost our own identity when we accepted the Spaniards cultures and beliefs.
BISCO, JODELYN E.
ReplyDelete2POL2
"Filipino originally referred to Spaniards born in the colonial Philippines"(Constantino, 1960)
I strongly disagree in this statement because the term Filipino belongs to the inhabitants of the Philippines who posses strong nationalism and them alone. The Spaniards have no right in calling themselves Filipinos, they were the ones who colonized us and did evil things to our ancestors. The term "Filipino" is very special to us, it is our name and thus must be protected.
One of the arguments of the author was that the illustrados including Rizal believed that the Moros, Negritos, Muslims and others represented "races" distinct from and inferior to indios. I beg to disagree since as argued by Hastings(1997, as cited by Özkirimli, 2005) that there may be a part of the French population in the nineteenth century who did not know to speak French and that they had little sense of what a French is but that does not prove that there was not, from a much earlier date, a French nation in existence. The same could also be applied in tracing our origins since even though these Moros, Negritos, Muslims and others do not have the same sense of nationalism with those of what the Illustrados conceived, it does not mean they are not a part of us; in fact, it was them who did not let the Spaniards change their precolonialty or in other words our very own ethnicity. We breathe the same air, live in the same land and abide the some same culture and traditions; if that is not enough evidence that we are all equal and have the same right to be called "Filipinos" then we might as well let the stigma of Spanish Colonialism about racial superiority ruin our national identity.
ReplyDeleteReferences:
Özkirimli, U. (2005). The Theory of Nationalism. In U. Özkirimli, Contemporary Debates on Nationalism: A Critical Engagement (p. 41-42). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Erese, Fernando Jr. M.
ReplyDelete2POL2
One interesting argument is that of Renato Constantino (1969) which states that the term "Filipino" was originally referred to the Spaniards who were born in the colonial Philippines.
As a support to Constantino and a reaction to Jodelyn Bisco's view of using the term Filipino, I would like to point out that there is nothing wrong with the Spaniards calling themselves as Filipinos, because they used the term as a "class concept."
Using Ralph Mercado's (2012) concept of calling ourselves as Filipinos is treating ourselves as people of King Philip II of Spain, I strongly believe that it is logical for the Spaniards to call themselves as Filipinos for they are people of King Philip II. If we think about it again, the term "Filipino" was not even ours at the first place and the Philippine-born Spaniards were the original Filipinos.
Works cited:
Constantino, R. (1969). The Making of a Filipino: A Story of Philippine Colonial Politics. Quezon City. Renato Constantino.
Mercado, R. (2012). Renaming the Philippines. Manila. Ralph Mercado.
MENDOZA, MIA CIELO P.
ReplyDelete2POL2
“Despite the furor surrounding the 1887 exposition, the ilustrados essentially excluded Negritos, highland peoples and Muslims from the national community that they had begun to imagine”
The line of reasoning to exclude the Negritos, highland people and Muslims is simply absurd. I beg to comment on the exclusion that occurred seen in Jose Rizal’s blueprint for a Philippine studies conference to be hosted in Paris by the fledgling International Association of Philippinists. The Negritos, highland people and Muslims contributed in the development of the evolution of our nation. These communities basically gave underpinned the urbanity and civilization of the Philippines. They without a doubt basically showed nationalism and identity preservation for they did not let the colonizers influence them at the point to change their identity and leave their ethnicity. They preserved our traditions and customs. In the vision of the nation that was about to be built it is a ridicule to imagine it without its forefather. The entire idea of forming a national community is to create a character that depicts the whole of a nation. Simply the thought of it gives me a perception of an ill-fated scenario. Providentially, the program did not materialize in 1889 for if it did work out it would be an erroneous assertion in the history of the Philippines. It is unacceptable that the Negritos, Moros and Muslims be excluded in the national community. It is comparable in deleting our own sophistication, striking out our cultures and traditions, removing our ethnicity, eliminating our concept of evolution and weakening our nation.
I disagree with the argument that the negritos are not considered as an ancestor of the Filipinos and they are savagery and uncivilized groups because as we study today the history of the negritos, we could see that our practiced traditions which we did not give attention are similar to the negritos tribe. rituals, the way we worship the idols we created from just a piece of wood symbolizes the similarity of our culture from the culture of the negritos. every tribes, groups or different blood that lived in philippines contributed to the development of the philippines and filipino we now know. the evolution took its place, changes occurs, but we must not forget where it is started, the evidence that the negritos are part of the philippines shows that they are one of the tribes that shapes the origin of the Filipinos.
ReplyDelete-GIMAO, JAN PATRICK S. 2POL2
Ramirez, Monica M. 2POL2
ReplyDeleteI stood against the stand of the author in the light of Rizal and other ilustrados denoting Igorots as “rare individuals”, as it is impertinent and demeaning. First of all, it is objectionable to the pursuance of constructing vivid definition of nationalism disregarding the sense of racism in which they more condemned it interchangeable through disparaging the Igorots. Besides that, they were oblivious to the artisanal and hydraulic-engineering skills of the Igorot because they perceived industrialization in a narrow sense and also, without upholding the opportunity to envisage their commonality to the Igorots as they were humiliated; it only clearly defies the sense of nationalism, as the concept of the nation of the ilustrado is limited to their apprehended mythology of descent. Above all, one of the highlights of liberation argument is the belief that colonialism and imperialism could be oppose through the basis of more universal principles such as human rights, equality, freedom or simply solidarity with oppressed peoples, then why it seems that the ilustrado oppresses its own people rather than enhancing their identity as a Filipino.
Laurel, Anne Medlyn C.
ReplyDelete2POL2
Aguilar had pointed in his article that in the Ilustrados point of view, Filipinos deserved to be treated fairly because they were "Spaniards". The Propaganda Movement made by the Ilustrados was not that good in my opinion. Because instead of getting the Philippines from the hands of the colonizers, their aim was mainly to have equality with the Spaniards. I believe that they should have thought of themselves superior than the Spaniards since they were the original owners of this land called the Philippines instead of just being settled with the idea of being equal to them. Also being influenced by the colonizers made them racist to their own kind especially to the negritos and the mountain tribes pushing them aside and making them minorities because the ilustrados believed that they were not civilized enough to be part of their society, this I believe was the reason why the Philippines today still has a lot of minority tribes separating themselves from the rest.
Rizal drew and transposed the information to answer the question with which he grappled: "Who are we?"
ReplyDeleteRizal relied on the world of science to construct history and define an identity. Using the Migration Wave theory of H. Otley Beyer can barely answer who are we Filipinos. Racism is distinct from nationalism, the former thrives on a sharp and toatlistic certainty, and the latter is a loosely constructed and flexible belief that can tolerate ethnic differences (Moose, 1995). He also emphasizes that the search for roots is basic to racism because the roots of the race were thought to determine its future as well (1995, 165-67). In order to trace our identity we shall know where we came from, and I strongly believe that what Beyer said in his theory is our ancestors.
Disagreeing with the statement that the ilustrados excluded the negritos and such ethnic groups for they are the one who created the Philippine identity in which we Filipino are ashamed of for we are already eaten by the mentality of the West.
-Maragay, Dave Alexander L.
Tec, Natasha Kim R.
ReplyDelete2POL2
I highly challenge the insolent view of the Ilustrados that the Igorots, Muslims and other tribes (who did not surrender themselves to the Spanish) are not Filipinos and therefore are not part of their plan for a modern and assimilated Philippines. Although these marginal groups do not conform to the traditions and standpoint of the “enlightened”, they are humane, rich and civilized in their own right with Igorots and their intricate ethnicities, the Muslims with their impressive political organization such as the sultanate and other tribes that reflected the diversity in Philippine culture. The Ilustrados simply did not have the fortune to immerse themselves among these individuals which renders their opinions as unfair judgments. If their standard of a new national society is a society that should conform to western values of modernity, upon the shadow of Spanish tradition and without the marginalized then it would simply be the fulfillment of an artificially free and soulless nation without the reality and uniqueness of our dynamic roots.
“… ilustrados could see themselves group into a single entity “the third wave,” and recognize their putative ancestors: the last-wave “Malays” were the ancient Filipinos.”
ReplyDeleteOne person who disputes H. Otleybeyer’s Migration theory was F. Landa Jocano, who proposed the evolution theory. In 1962, a skullcap and a portion of jaw that was part of a human were found in the Tabon Caves of Palawan and its carbon dating placed their age at 21,000-22,000 years. It proves that there are human --- the tabon man --- in the island of the Philippines before the Malay Race came. And in the modern days, we’re not seeing men that resemblance the characteristics of a tabon man, because through evolution they evolved a long time ago.
Reference:
The First Filipinos. (n.d.). Retrieved February 9, 2013, from Philippine History: http://www.philippine-history.org/early-filipinos.htm
"Diversity and division did mark the Spanish Philippines". This statement caught my attention when I was reading this article. Yes, I do believe this is true-and even Rizal, our well-known national hero knows it. The author clearly stated that there is a marginalization during the Spanish Colony-and he was referring to the ethnic groups -Moros, Negritos, Muslims and others that was considered as inferior or Indio as they call them. In line with the reasoning in my theory paper, I argue that this deprivation to the natives affected their living. Respect is essential to every group to formulate a strong nationalistic bond but what happened during the Spanish era is the other way around. The unequal treatment and disrespect of the Spaniards to our natives resulted to several bloody rebellion-a kind of nationalism that I know all of us do not want to happen again.
ReplyDeleteFilomeno V. Aguilar's article talks about the hierarchy in the Philippines during the spanish era in which they said that there are three waves of migration in the Philippines one of the main focus of these article is the negritos, The spaniards said that the negritos are the lowest class in the society. they called them as a "wild race" because they are living in the mountains. The fact that negritos can live in the mountains and live without electricity is not as wild as we think, One of the reason why people are living in the urban areas is because they are dependent in the things that their surroundings can give them. The spaniards also said that the negritos have no intelligence. Intelligence is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills. In which the negritos have the skills and knowledge to live a happy and contented life in the mountains.
ReplyDeleteDE VILLA, BIEN ANTHONY A.
ReplyDelete2POL2
"in the Philippines, the pagan Igorots and Muslim Moros were
considered and treated by Christian Filipinos as outside the civilized Filipino community"
I strongly agree with that statement by John Schumacher. Just like what i had proposed in my theory paper, the abolition and annihilation of Religious and ethnic groups is essential for our nation to harness solidarity and unity. the muslim moros, because of them being "Muslims", tend separate themselves and them being separated by others. my proposal may sound racist and insensitive but I think if it's properly executed, it will result to a more "Filipinized" Filipino nation.
What struck me the most in the article of Aguilar is the idea that, even after all the wars, colonization, modernization and improvement that had happened in our Country, we are still unsure as to what a “ Filipino” really is. I support my statement based on the frequency that Aguilar cited the Illustrados, Rizal, and his friend and confidant, Blumentritt, which are all trying to identify, “what constitutes a Filipino”? Aguilar is trying to find the genealogy of the Filipinos, because it is a fact that we are a nation composed of a very diverse ethnicity. Thus it is very important to answer such questions like, where did the Filipinos really come from? Who are the “Ancestors” that Rizal spoke of? Because only after answering this questions can we progress as a nation filled with diverse people that are united by a sense of collectiveness and unity based on the past wars and struggles that our people suffered and experienced together.
ReplyDeleteThe author mentioned that the Philippines was civilized even before the Spanish colonization but I respectfully disagree because I believe that the rich culture and civilization of the society in the Philippines until the current times was all thanks to the Spaniards. The current colorful languages or dialects, religion, festivals, holidays and food in some areas of the country are based from the foundation laid and taught to us by the Spanish people. Even the name of our country was given to us by Ruy López de Villalobos derived from the name of the King of Spain, King Philip II. I believe that the Spanish gave our identity to us and if it wasn't for them we would not even be Catholic Christians today, owning everything to God.
ReplyDelete-BERYLL ANDRE Y BARCENAS 2POL2-
"The Exposition does not represent those Islands with dignity or, at least, with decency; it shows nothing but the backwardness of the Philippines. Everything modern, related to it's progress, has not been brought to the Exposition." - Lopez-Jaena.
ReplyDeleteThis is how the Spaniards exposed the backwardness of the "mountain tribes", who are called Igorots. They are also called primitives unlike the Tagalogs who are "civilized Filipinos." I think the reason for the backwardness by the Igorots is that they live on mountains, so they're not influenced and progressed unlike the people near the coastline who are easily colonized and influenced (e.g. Christianization). I think the Igorots have contributed in the way of life of the Filipinos because some of their practice are still done today in the modern world.
ALONZO, Carol
ReplyDelete2POL2
I would like to emphasize on the point of Moose which states, “the search for roots is basic to racism” because “the roots of the race were thought to determine its future as well”. We all know that the past has a big role in determining what the future holds. But it does not necessarily mean that we should dwell much of our attention on the past; but rather we should look for ways such as identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the past in order to know which of those aspects would still be beneficial for us at present and which will need further improvements. In this way, we will know where to start and how will we be able to come up with something that would maintain an established and strong nation that will progress through the years.
ARRIOLA, Sim Carlo Jesuel L.
ReplyDelete2POL2
"Igorots are neither savage nor irrational... they are susceptible to modern civilization."
Today, as we all know, Igorots are part of the Philippines; we must be careful of segregating particular groups/tribes that also play a big role in our society. With this, I stand before the above-mentioned statement declared by Jaena that Igorots are not truly savage and irrational; he expounded on this by presenting Tek, the Negrito, as an example and that there are Igorots than can speak Spanish fluently. I don't think that there are even criteria/bases than can be considered by telling one to be civilizable. They maybe primitive kind of groups back then, do not conform to the traditions and customs of the modern people, but still they can achieve moral progress.
I disagree in the argument where people in the third wave are the “ancient Filipino” whom the illustrados are searching for, being civilized and was converted to christianity. It is a racial discrimination for the Mountain dwellers and the negritos being a so called “wild race”, who lived before the third wave that was disregarded as one of the “ancient Filipinos” because of their backwardness, being uncivilized, and remained as pagan communities. This kind of thinking is not suitable for nationalist, if they want to know everything then they must consider everything even if it is something that would downgrade ourselves since it is one of the truth, they are part of the Philippines and they are the first to settle in the Philippines and most of our cultures came from them so we should avoid being racist to our own countrymen.
ReplyDelete-Perera, Desonny Chrisller A.
GONZALEZ, Jed Nathaniel M.
ReplyDelete"The broad structure of racism would not provide the basis for the fictive unity of the nation."
I strongly agree with this statement, since I follow Benedict Anderson's (1983) "imagined communities" argument in nationalism. Race is so broad a concept that it cannot truly provide people this sense of "imagined community." This is best exemplified by our situation here in the Philippines, where regional loyalties are far stronger than national loyalty, even though some of these races branch out from one of the original races of "ancient Filipinos," i.e. Visayans and Tagalogs have certain hostility toward each other despite both being from of the same race (They are part of the "third wave").
Professor Aguilar provided an argument that "...A slippery concept, Filipinoness often demanded the certification of 'genuineness'".
ReplyDeleteI am in favor of this argument, especially when it speaks up for the tedious struggle of the 'ilustrado' class to formulate a true, genuine identity of the "Filipino" unadulterated by any foreign assimilation of race, culture, identity, etc.. The author have fairly elaborated the origins and waves of migration that happened in "Las Islas Filipinas" or the Philippines, from the Negritos up to the second generation of Malays which succession have formed the so-called "Filipinoness" of the Filipino people, as the migration-waves theory would suggest, even though in many respects the two groups did not blend in with each other due to the fact that the Malays drive away the Negritos to a faraway/mountainous land. Going back to the explanation, I supported this argument of the author solely because up until today the demand for genuine "Filipinoness" is still at issue - a concrete example is the recognition of "Bangsamoro" autonomy as a "unified ethno-linguistic-cultural community and a distinctive political community" (Abueva, 2012). This suggest that even nowadays wherein the term "Filipinoness" can be considered strong, fortified and even to the extent of being genuine, there are still some places in the Philippines where they cannot feel the "genuine Filipinoness", and so in turn find ways to resolve this by-productof social development.
Reference:
Abueva, J. V. (2012, October 14). “Bangsamoro” a welcome model for achieving genuine regional autonomy and development. Retrieved from joseabueva.wordpress.com: http://joseabueva.wordpress.com/2012/10/21/bangsamoro-a-welcome-model-for-achieving-genuine-regional-autonomy-and-development/
Agripino L.R. Mendoza III
ReplyDeleteThe Last wave"malays" were the ancient Filipinos that the ilustrados identified themselves. I agree with the author that the Ilustrados could see themselves as filipinos and that this is highly beneficial in achieving a strong sense of nationalism.
The Ilustrados attributed the filipinos to this higher civilization rather than the negritos because it is much more desirable and palatable to the people. Rizal's material concerning pre-historic filipinos was written down on Spanish manuscripts like Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas, in some of these Manuscripts Aguilar asserts that the malayan culture was advanced, and in some ways should be emulated by the spaniards.
In response to the objections proposed by some, the polemic which debunked the push-inland theory is not connected to the flow of history, how are we sure that those who joined the spaniards at the coast line were indeed negritos or second-wave malays?
Society in the time of rizal and even in our time views advanced societies as the better one, even if we say that the negritos chose to fight rather than be colonized is incomparable to the culture that the third-wave malayans had possessed, namely the ability to build fortresses (Pre-colonial Fort-Santiago) and the Laguna Copper Plate Inscription which had illustrated the power between social classes, along with the boxer-codex which had given illustrations of the different social classes in the archipelago.
The complexity of culture and laws in the Third-wave malay society is a better indicator of sophistication rather than pure savage ideology which was possessed by the earlier civilizations.
I agree on what Rizal portrays to the ancient Filipinos. We really are more advance than the European countries, not by technological advances but by laws and the way the society treats on the issue of gender equality and Human Equality. Even on the way we think of slaves, to them they are things that could be own but to us they are human beings who work to pay for there debt. The question is, what is the meaning of civilize to us? Is it by technological advances or by laws and by the way we treat each other?
ReplyDeleteI strongly disagree with the argument that the "hierarchy of races" has been the basis of nationalism which is evident in the case of Negritos being separated from the "Filipinos" because of their primitiveness and uncivilized actions. Nationalism and racism, as mentioned in the article, are two separate concepts which must not be interchanged. The main idea of nationalism is the unified awareness of its members about their identity, and about how they can establish a better community despite of racial and cultural differences. We cannot deny the fact that the origin of Philippines has been molded by different races which settled down in our country and tried to establish a new community; hence, regardless of their original ethnicity, we must not neglect the efforts of our ancestors as they have struggled to build the Filipino nation we have right now.
ReplyDeleteEna P. Corpuz
ReplyDelete2POL2
I disagree to the view of the Illustrados that the Igorots and other tribes are not Filipinos. I think that they should be called Filipinos because after all they were the ones who did not surrender themselves to the Spanish. They remain their rich culture, the way they live and their identity unlike those civilized ones and enlihghtened ones who had made changes in their living have lost their identity and at the end they ended to become subjects of Spaniards.
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteTracing the origins of the Filipino people through racial science in the light of the theory of migration waves, implicit in the attempt of the illustrado thought to identify the roots of the Indios and assimilating the nation is evidently a struggle and endeavor towards formation of Filipino nationhood, challenging the Spanish colonialism and insolent view of the Filipinos. It was however absurd and kinda bad stereotyping how they regarded the Igorots, Negritos, and the Muslim Moros as outside the context of Filipino identity and as inferior entities just mainly because they were uncivilized because of being unchristianized or being unintelligent. Tracing Filipino roots through the migration wave framework is somehow romanticizing a hypothesized origin seeking Filipino identity. Nevertheless, the effort to utilize racial science in tracing our origins has ignited attempts to discern our national being despite of its contradictions.
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteGALVEZ, JEAN CLAUDETTE L.
ReplyDelete2POL2
The ancient Filipinos with whom Rizal and the ilustrados deciphered a racial and cultural affinity in the third wave of migratory wave of Malays caused me to think that it seems like Filipinos already admitted having no genuine identity throughout these years. The said Filipinos were the ones who did not resist to be civilized by the colonizers and if the third migration wave will be the case that will be accepted by the Filipinos, therefore, it is true that in the past, we knew how to reason but at present, we are already contented with merely asking and believing. For me, it is better to consider on tracing our origins by deeming that we are from people before they were called as Filipinos who have their own culture and to emphasize, own religion even if it is paganism. Finally, I do believe that we are not from these ancient Filipinos that Rizal had considered, using the identity and difference approach, indeed, Filipinos have diversities and nowadays, we can still find those Filipinos that resisted the civilization of colonizers, also to mention, resisted to be Christianized; one of these diversified cultures is the Muslim ones.
I agree to the argument of Delos Reyes that there was an existing Filipino civilization in the Philippines even before the Spanish colonizers landed in the shores of the archipelago. This civilization despite being a little more backward than those of the Western Countries, there was an existing civilization that keeps the organization of the country. To cite our history, there were already sultanates and other tribal/ethnic government that practices authority within their respective "kingdoms" before the Spanish came which is enough to strengthen the argument.
ReplyDeleteThe author discussed the migration waves that explains the origin of Filipinos which was the same with that of Dr. Henry Otley Beyer and his Migration Wave Theory stating that ancestors of the Filipinos came from three successive waves of migration with the Negritos, Indonesians and Malays. And taking the side of F. Landa Jocano, who refused to agree with this kind of theory, I also disagree with this migration waves theory believing that we have local origins that inhabited the archipelago long before the arrival of the proposed first wave of migration of the Negritos. Jocano argues that the evidence suggests that there were inhabitants in the Philippines as early as 22,000 years ago. This means that the inhabitants could not have come from the Malay Peninsula. Rather, present Filipinos are a product of a long process of evolution and movement of man proving that we have genuine race and culture.
ReplyDeleteReference:
III, E. F. (2011, March 9). "Flaws" and "Perspectives" in Philippine History. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from The Social Scientist: http://soksay.blogspot.com/2011/03/flaws-and-perspectives-in-philippine.html
SOTTO, KAREL C.
ReplyDelete2POL2
In the article I disagree with the first and second wave saying that Filipinos are uncivilized because I believe that the word “uncivilized” is not appropriate to people, maybe they are just lack of knowledge about a certain thing or no experience at all. I agree with Delos Reyes because before the Spanish colonized the Philippines there is civilization and people are divided by regions. Filipinos didn’t originate to only one culture rather they are originated with many cultures. We must not discriminate cultures through physical appearances like in the article, it was stated there that Negritos, because of their complexion skin, they are barbaric. To generalize the situation makes the article falsified.
Makabali, Avon Cherie B.
ReplyDeleteI disagree with the idea or argument of hierarchy of races. First of all racism is far different from nationalism. Racism is not a hindrance from being a nationalist. As long as you and the other members of the society are aware about what is happening in your country and you are willing to do anything for your own welfare, the race doesn't matter. We all know that we came from different races like the malays, mestizos and etc. but whatever the race is, at least they contributed in the civilization and kind of nation we have today.
DELOS SANTOS, John Roque D.
ReplyDelete2POL2
In to some extent, I agree with what Delos Reyes pointed about Filipinos has indeed a civilization prior to the invasion of the Spaniards in the archipelago.This civilization may not be so flourished as these colonizers were but still it implies that there are already small organizations or institutions that were first established before. But in the light of the modern research today, there are portions that I disagree especially with the waves of migration. Considering the theory of Dr. Beyer, there were three successive waves of migrations that had occurred in the archipelago which then became the origins of the Filipino race. But according to F. Landa Jocano, the theory is somewhat misleading because in reality, there were already native Filipinos lurking around the archipelago before these migrations happened which implies that the Filipino race is authentic and did not come in evolution from any other race but the native Filipinos.
Cabanit, Joseph A.
ReplyDeleteThe ilustrados has search the identity of the ancient filipino using bluementritt's migration wave theory and came to a conclusion that Filipinos are only those who came from the third wave and those who comes from the first wave are savage and uncivilized and therefore cannot be civilized. All of this change when Rizal has experience living with the subaranons where he found out that those people who are excluded from the illustration of a filipino from the point of view of the illustrados are living in a civilized manner thus creating a shift in his thoughts that races aren't the basis of being a filipino. Races are just tools in creating racial discrimination and it would just create racial isolation that won't help the revolution at that time. I just like to point out that in a revolution it is not a matter of just blood and sacrifices but also a matter of revolutionary ideas that crosses cultural diversity in creating a national identity and we can proudly say what Rizal said that we call ourselves solely Filipinos.
Thrina Horcajo
ReplyDeleteThe article of Aguilar, he mainly discusses about the arrival and settlement of the three races that came here in the Philippines. This three races as discussed in the article should be the root of the studies of the Ilustrados in the past regarding their search for the origin of the Filipino race. It has been said that they were the origins of the Filipino people. The Ilustrados were eager to know of themissing past in particular their origin and roots to further know themselves. This acts clearly manifests the rise of their national consciousness as unity was visible. From my point of view, I belive that Filipino civilization was already present before the arrival and the settlement of these races here in the Philippines. During those earlt times local Filipinos was able to established their own culture from their everyday living. They’ve also learn to adopt to their environment in searching for their basic needs and was able to made materials that was used in their living. For example their hunting of animals for their food and using their created materials like “sibat”. This instances had helped this early Filipinos to survive.
CANDO, Aimee Paulette O.
ReplyDeleteThe proposal to exclude Negritos and Muslims from the community of Filipinos is completely preposterous, unreasonable, and cruel, and there is no justifying it, and it would be a shame if any Filipino were to hold the idea true. Such display of preservation of culture should be lauded, for the fact that they have remained so Filipino despite the wave of colonizers and attempts of influences that have arrived in the Philippines numerous times — still, they were not swayed away from their culture and ethnicity. While their norms would not align with those of the usually Filipino outside of those circles, the Negritos and Muslims represent that diversity of the Filipino culture and to discriminate against them because they could be considered "different" is just backward thinking and absurd, and those other Filipinos should envy the Negritos and Muslims for being able to suppress the call of urbanization and and civilization in order to preserve the culture and form of society that they are so loyal to. Excluding them from the national community that was supposedly ideal is not nationalism, it's racism; and that kind of belief toward your own race is tragic.
In the article it was mentioned that Negritos are members of a “wild race” and are incapacitated of civilization and they are not ancestors, I tend to disagree with that since they are one of the first who settled here in our country. Yes the lifestyle of early Negritos are nomadic but it does not necessarily equated to being incapacitated of civilization, in fact aside from jungle hunting they are skilful in weaving and they produce other indigenous products such as baskets and rattan hammocks to name some. One of the modern outside influence of the Negritos includes the inter-marriage with Filipinos which contradicted what was being claimed in the article that they are not our ancestors. I also had a personal experience being in an Aeta community and I had a chance to interact with them during our exposure trip in NSTP and that only proves that they are not incapacitated of civilization even in our modern times today. In their community they have adopted the same system as to what we can see in an urban barangay, they have school, church, a community leader that made up their social system.
ReplyDeleteMONTESA, Albert Vincent B.
ReplyDelete2POL2
In this article of Aguilar, the line that has stricken my sentimentality is his statement that mountain dwellers and some of the ethnic minorities are considered inferior to the so-called “Illustrados” or the Tagalog men. We cannot consider being ethnic as uncivilized, those group of people inhabiting in the mountains do have their own and distinct kind of culture and civilization. Most of the ethnic groups who are existing today has not been colonized and has never been under the Spanish crown, examples of this are the Muslims in Mindanao(particularly the Sultanate of Sulu), the Igorots of the Mountain Province, the Hanunuo and Iraya Mangyans of Mindoro and more. These ethnic groups do have the right to be respected as a separate civilization during the colonial times and we Filipinos should be proud of them. They are the reason why we do have a unique culture that we can proclaim that is officially ours.