Surname, first name
1st paragraph - illustrate the sample scenario. Sample scenario should be factual. Include the link to the source.
2nd paragraph - explain what is it a sample of. Eg. Specific concept, theory or method.
Online classroom of Ronald Castillo y Maglaqui, Professor of Political Science at the University of Santo Tomas - Faculty of Arts and Letters. But for the time being, starting 2022, this blog serves as a student's public notebook of thoughts while he undertakes his international PhD in Asia Pacific Studies at National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan. Reach him through rmcastillo@ust.edu.ph
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ReplyDeleteCho, In Woo
ReplyDeletehttp://sites.bu.edu/koreandiaspora/issues/history-of-korean-immigration-to-america-from-1903-to-present/
The Korean Diaspora in the United States started since the early 1900's. The Koreans went to the United States for the better life than in their homeland. For example in the first wave, they worked on pineapple and sugar plantations; the second wave, there were three groups which were the wives of the American soldiers, orphans adopted by the American family and students, businessmen and intellectuals and lastly, the third wave, was more for the education. The majority started as a migrant laborers and war victims but in the present, there were more white-collar workers who voluntarily migrated to the United States.
Decision Making can be applied in this example. In the first group of people, they were apparently impelled to move to other country because of famine and unstable political situation. It was the same for the second group which was in the Cold War, they were impelled as well especially in the case of the orphans. However in the last group, they voluntarily moved for the better job and education.
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ReplyDeleteCapellan, Ethel Marie E.
ReplyDeletehttps://theconversation.com/second-generation-immigrant-kids-have-an-edge-in-academics-39743
Immigrants face several disadvantages, including access to good education as the public schools they often go to are not the best ones. Immigrant children are also more likely to live in poverty and experience discrimination.
For instance, the immigrant advantage was stronger for Asian-American youth than for other immigrants, perhaps because many Asian immigrants come to the US with more resources than other groups. Oddly, the advantage was also stronger among poorer communities. Overall, we believe immigrant students perform better likely because of their positive values. Immigrants compare their situations to those still living in their native country, allowing them to be positive about their situation. The sacrifices that their parents have made to give them a better life, as well as high expectations from parents also motivate their achievements.
King and Christou's theory development can be applied in this example. Because of some immigrants most likely the students born in the US with at least one foreign-born parent still choose to return to a homeland but not their place of birth. Some factors for instance is education.
Pizarra, Marian Gabrielle F.
ReplyDeleteSource: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0891241613516630?journalCode=jcec
Thousands of Viet Kieu (overseas Vietnamese who migrated to other countries due to the Communism) and second-generation migrants are returning to Vietnam to find better work opportunities. “Returnees” return to live with their extended family relatives who are more or less poor, less educated or either who they didn’t communicate with that much. This return created tensions and ambiguity within the relationship of the relatives due to their conflicting way of life and habits. Face-to-face encounters within the family also reveal differences.
King and Christou’s theory of the second-generation return is highly incorporated in this scenario since most Viet Kieu attained better education and are more skilled in technicality. They are more globalized than some of their relatives who live in the Communist regime. They are more free-spirited and more open to global issues. They also possess bilingual capacity, since they studied in foreign states. However, their parents, or those under the first-generation, stay in the foreign state since they have stable jobs there rather than go back to their home country unemployed.
Poblador, Christa Yvette B.
ReplyDeleteSource: https://www.biography.com/people/frank-lucas-253710
Frank Lucas is an African-American that was popularly known as "Superfly" the original gangster and a drug kingpin. He constructed an international drug network from New York to Southeast Asia in 1960's. He was the one who supplied heroin to the African-American soldiers during the Vietnam War.
Lucas' scenario is an example of "territories of movement" concept of Bruneau's. Frank Lucas started an underground business between the United States to Southeast Asia, gaining a lot of connections and relationships in both countries. He took advantage of the ongoing war in supplying the heroin he took from the supplier himself. And with his business, he gained a lot of money having many establishments build in his homeland.
Aguas, Patricia Alyson
ReplyDeleteLink: https://youtu.be/uc2AN8JEDIY
Student migration is an example of transnationalism. An example of this is the life of Priyank Jain, an Indian student of Masters of Accounting and International Finance the Deakin University in Melbourne Australia. According to him, he wanted to study one more time to get international exposure and to get out of his comfort zone. More specifically, he came to study in Australia for holistic development.
This explains Paolo Boccagni’s method of transnationalism called transnational social ties: public localism. Boccagni explained that by establishing relationships with people in the receiving country, one is able to localize or establish roots in the receiving country. According to Priyank Jain, the best form of learning is being able to identify one’s self confidently with students of other nationalities in the global campus. Most probably, this is the reason why Priyank decided to get a masters degree in the same university (Deakin University) after graduating as a Communications major. In Priyank’s case, he was able to publicly localize himself in this global campus of Australia by creating connections with other students and learning from them, academic or non-academic related.
Verzosa, Anna Mirakhaela D.
ReplyDeleteSource:
https://m.khaleejtimes.com/international/UAE-has-largest-number-of-Indian-migrants-in-world
http://money.cnn.com/2018/02/08/news/economy/india-uae-investment-expats-modi/index.html
A United Nations report states India as having the largest diaspora in the United Arab Emirates, a phenomena that has been evident since the 1970s. UAE’s several opportunities and high salaries as well as work benefits offered to workers continue to fuel the desire of Indians to flee to the country for the chance to improve their living conditions. United Arab Emirates based Indians have greatly contributed to the country’s economy through the constant remittances made to their home country. Aside from remittances, those who have settled well and earned greatly such as Indian company owners in UAE are now giving back through investments in their homeland.
Boccagni’s Theory of Transnationalism is at play in this scenario between Indian’s in UAE and those in the homeland. Specifically with Public Transnationalism, those in UAE are able to reach out to their roots in India and provide them with benefits. The remittances as well as investments are able to help fund policies that improve the living condition of those in India. Indians in UAE are able to connect back to India in this manner.
Arenas, Gissela M.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/stories/canterburys-people/veronica-kim/index.html
As opportunities rises, chances of living a better life becomes more available. This is what happened with the family of Veronica Kim, a South Korean who migrated to Australia with her family. The decision to migrate to Australia was proposed by her husband as he saw the increase in work opportunities being available to them and those of his children. Eventually after 17 years or so of migrating/staying in Australia, Veronica and his husband retired and there three sons who already have stable jobs in Australia. As I quote, “Veronica feels that she and her family are now truly at home in Australia, especially in Canterbury, because they have achieved so much whilst living here.”
In this scenario of the Kim’s, the Occupational Approach can be seen in their reason for migrating in Australia, specifically in the highly skilled area. Because Veronica’s husband saw the opportunity and applied for them to migrate to Australia under the skilled migration program. Having more opportunities, to increase their careers and their children they have decided to lived there for good. The definition of migration by Demko, Ross and Schnell (1970), is also at play here because the family have decided to change their residence from Korea to Australia and they have already crossed the boundaries for good or permanently.
Agamanos, Jean Rhana B.
ReplyDeleteReference: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26116868
March 2011 was the alarming start of the Syrian Crisis as it was the eruption of the pro-democracy protests in the Southern city of Deraa when some teenagers who painted revolutionary slogans on a school wall were tortured and arrested. The conflict continues to arise when the unrest triggered nationwide protests demanding for President’s Assad’s resignation. Violence starts taking place as rebel brigades were formed to battle government forces over the control of cities. Yet there are also many innocent Syrian citizens who continued to be involved in this civil war and so many have decided to fled Syria towards the neighboring countries such as Lebanon, Jordan, and Turkey, most of them were women and children. Due of many irregularities within the said country, the government have insufficiently met the basic needs (particularly protection) of its citizens, leading these citizens to become refugees who were in search of asylum to other countries.
Fernie and Pitkethley’s theory is highly incorporated in this scenario of Syrian civil war crisis. The situation above is an example of ‘Forced Migration’. When it comes to the general term, forced migration refers to the movements of refugees and internally displaced people as well as to those asylum seekers, displaced people due of natural or environmental disasters. Hence, the Syrian refugees where embedded to this type of migration, due of the threats that are linked inside their country, this became the reason of forcing themselves to cross borders towards another country.
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ReplyDeletePerianes, Maria Louissa T.
ReplyDeleteSources:
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=NY7vM8ZwgPkC&dq=transnational+online+communities+russia&source=gbs_navlinks_s
The “Russian Internet” or “RuNet” can be understood nationally and geopolitically as the “Internet in Russia”, or culturally and linguistically as all Russian Web resources worldwide. The Internet in Russia is limited to Web resources within the national domains .ru (and .su) servers territorially based in the Russian Federation and data that originate on these Russian networks. The Russian language Internet, on the other hand, includes Web resources created by an enormous global diaspora of émigrés and residents of former Soviet republics. The case of Russian bloggers in the American social networking site, LiveJournal (LJ) cements a certain identity to the Russian user but how they manifest themselves online – in the emergence of transnational networks, as well as the assertion of traditional geopolitical concerns is another thing. They are divided into Zapadniks and Slavophiles.
Following Kissau and Hunger’s network analysis, the case of Russian blogging and internet surfing leans more to the utilization of the Internet as a platform to connect to the outside world. It doesn’t mean that they do not connect to the internet to stay in touch with the locals or with other Russians around the world. They do that as well. Their connections outside through the internet is important for them and through their eyes, they view the political scene differently than the others. Meaning, their perspective either leans to the Russian culture (Slavophiles) or showing how Russians can adapt to some of the Western ways in technology and other aspects (Zapadniks).
Aguinaldo, Marielle S.
ReplyDeleteLink: https://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.sussex.ac.uk/migration/documents/mwp78.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi7z63GrMXZAhUFj5QKHVPTBvcQFjAJegQIAxAB&usg=AOvVaw0au-gkIAOlbilS3vG5NZr-
The migration of Turkish people to Germany had started due to the labor shortage in the booming post-war economy of Germany in the 1960's. However, the result of the influx of Turkish workers was that majority of them chose to stay rather than return to Turkey. Thus, creating second-generation migrants. These people desire to return to their parents' homeland thus making them as second-generation 'returnees'. It was said that "return was rarely based on purely economic or health-related motive; value-oriented and emotional themes almost always played a role".
According to King and Christou, in the concept of diaspora, the first generation back in the 1960's was that of a labor diaspora which the second-generation was not a part of. Thee second-generation's 'returnees' to Turkey can thus be conceptualized as a counter-diasporic migration which is returning to the diasporic homeland. In the scenario, the concept of 'strangehood' can be seen in which 'here' pertains to Germany and 'there' is Turkey. It says that one of the reasons why these people return to Turkey was because even though they were born and raised in Germany, the Germans still see them as foreigners.
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ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeletePrimavera, Gamaliel M.
ReplyDeleteSource: http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/index.php?chinese-diaspora
In the years 1850 – 1950, there was a growing number of Chinese male workers, mostly from coastal provinces who started leaving their home country to seek more job opportunities in other Asian countries, specifically, South-East Asian countries. From 1950-1980, violence was prevalent in South-East Asia, so these Chinese migrants were impelled to leave the region and decided to move to regions which are more industrialized at the time, like North America, Europe, Japan, and Australia. But during this time, Chinese migrants were mostly unskilled workers, which forced to look for job opportunities on other places which have a high demand for unskilled labor. But since then, Chinese migrants have developed increasingly. They are slowly building a multi-class and multi-skilled profile and is catching up to the requirements of a globalized and technologically advanced economies.
This is a good example of the concept of Decision Making. They were impelled by the violence throughout the South-East Asian regions at the time, to go and find jobs elsewhere. There are also cases wherein the reason for Chinese migrants to leave their country was Economic and Religious. There was a time when Buddhist pilgrims migrated to certain regions in Asia to spread the religion. This can be also considered as forced migration because there were natural conditions that forced them to leave the country. Occupational Approach can also be seen in this situation because Chinese migrants look for job opportunities elsewhere from unskilled to skilled workers.
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ReplyDeleteAtuan, Liecelle L.
ReplyDeleteSource: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/chinese-immigrants-united-states
Chinese immigrants are the third-largest foreign-born group in the United States, after Mexicans and Indians. Chinese immigration to the United States has consisted of two waves, the first arriving in the mid-1800s and the second from the late 1970s to the present. Chinese migration to the United States picked up during the mid-19th century, when primarily male manual laborers arrived in the West Coast for agricultural, mining, railroad construction, and other low-skilled jobs. Unlike in the 19th century, Chinese immigrants arriving post-1965 are predominantly skilled: China is now the principal source of foreign students enrolled in U.S. higher education, and its nationals receive the second-largest number of employer-sponsored H-1B temporary visas, after India. Chinese immigrants are enrolled in college and graduate school at a rate more than twice that of immigrants overall (15 percent, compared to 7 percent).
The occupational approach can be seen in this scenario, where Chinese migrants arrived in the United States to work, as their reason for migration. In the first wave, mostly were low-skilled laborers arrived in the said country. While on the second wave and at present, they are predominantly skilled. It is also innovative because many Chinese migrants also enrolled in higher education and received sponsorship from the employers, which makes them a more progressive individual.
Siao, Mariten R.
ReplyDeletem.emmigration.info/chinese-immigrantion-to-america.htm
Chinese immigrants had come to the United States since the early 19th century. The reasons for Chinese immigration to America was to escape poverty, unemployment, political unrest, oppression, wars, and natural disaster. They wanted to seek fortune and new life in America. Moving to America gives them high opportunity to have work and make money. The Opium War in China back in 1839 can be considered as a factor on why these Chinese decided to move to America. Because of these, the population expanded that led to labor surplus and inadequate food production.
This example of Chinese immigrants in America can be related to the concept of Decision Making. The Chinese immigrants voluntary left their homeland–China to find a bigger opportunity to have a better life in America due to problems involving economic and political. It can also be considered as forced migration since there were natural causes for their migration.
ALCORIZA, Blaise Rose Emilaine S.
ReplyDeleteReference:
https://www.academia.edu/7072149/Migration_scenario_in_Bangladesh_Prospects_problems_and_policy_issues?auto=download
The country Bangladesh is situated in the tropics in South Asia at the interface between two different environments; the Bay of Bengal to the south and the Himalayas to the north. Life-giving monsoons and the catastrophic ravages of natural disasters characterize the country. About 10% of Bangladesh is barely one meter above the mean sea level, and one-third is affected by tides. Climate change affects Bangladesh in two ways. Firstly, changing temperatures and precipitation patterns threaten agriculture and food security. Secondly, the increase in climate induced disasters such as floods, droughts, saline water intrusion, river bank erosion, and tidal surges will destroy infrastructure, crop production, natural resources, livelihoods, human lives and the national economy (Huq et al. 1996; Assaduzzaman et al. 1997; Choudhury et al. 2005). The poor will be worst affected, especially women, children and disabled people.
In reality, the causes, consequences and types of migration are highly dependent on the social and ecological contexts to and from which people move (Locke et al. 2000). Beddington (2011) describes five categories that drive migration: social, political, economic, environmental and demographic. These five drivers might interact in different ways in different places. Of these five categories, climate change is generally understood to primarily influence the environmental driver of migration. It also influence the economic driver by affecting employment opportunities, income, wages, and well-being.
The term used for this kind of situation is called the “Environmental Migrants or Climate Refugees” that are forced to leave their traditional habitat temporarily or permanently because of marked environmental jeopardy that can annihilate their existence and seriously can affect the quality of their life and one of the prevention is to migrate. The Bangladesh Government is emphasizing on relocating these climate refugees in foreign countries, Association for Climate Refugees (ACR) has started relocating them within the country borders with technical and financial assistance from Displacement Solutions, an international Non-Government Organization (NGO) based in Australia. Other civil society groups are also working for a legal and institutional framework for protecting and rehabilitating climate refugees who are being displaced due to climate change.
Manzala, Beatriz Issah C.
ReplyDeleteSource: http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/01/18/berlins-hipster-ghetto-neukolln-refugees-migration-immigrants/
The Western European country of Germany is reported to have a large number of people in its population who are migrants. Neukölln, one of the diverse districts of Berlin, is witness to the rise of migrant population in German land. More than 40% of the neighborhood’s population is comprised of foreigners, who the majority are Turkish, and the place has a reputation of being a migrant enclave. The native Germans and long-time residents are complaining of the influx of foreign intrusion which causes troubles to arise between the different factions. This phenomenon is the result of Chancellor Angela Merkel’s decision in 2015 to open Germany’s borders to refugees fleeing from humanitarian crises and wars.
The situation in Germany is an example of a New Diaspora because the migrants coming in to Neukölln are not confined to forced dispersal only, but also by other kinds of dispersals. There are conservative reasons, or those who fled from the war in Syria to escape poverty and for survival and also innovative ones, who moved to pursue ambition in Neukölln among others. There is also a continuous linkage across borders since family links to the home countries are still present as well as the neighborhood is connected to the rest of Germany. The migrants in Neukölln also exhibit cultural hybridity because they assimilate in the country of settlement by learning and actually speaking German in their day to day living, as well as adapting to the ways of German life.
Choi, Sun-A
ReplyDeleteNorth Koreans Migration to South Korea
Since the South and North Korea was divided and were in a war as to until now, the war has not ended. But the South Koreans assure and affirms that the entire peninsula is 'Korea's', and so the North Korean refugees have the right to be settled in the South Korea. But according to the South Korean Ministry of Unification, a number og 8661 North Korean defectors arrived already from 1990 and 2006. The rise og North Korean defectors is related to the occurence of floods and food shortages mainly as to what is being experienced and has been experienced by the North Korean defectors until now. But due to the DMZ(demilitarized zone), the South Korean soldiers are active, with landmines and electrified fences, the North Korean's human mobility is restricted and cannot get a permission to get out of the country that easily. Thus, they first go to China, and through China, goes to South Korea safely.
Migration concepts and method used in thos article is the circular movement of the migrant as refugees from the North Korea which tenxs to go there in the desired and better, developed place or area which is supposed to be the South Korea where they feel and live in freedom. The freedom of movement, and the freedom of speech is evident as human rights in South Korea. Since the North Korean government has been forcing their people for having no rights to speech nor freedom, their minds were set to getting out of that place. This comes from the Theory of Coffey (1981) which the reason for migrants to migrate is forced or even can be called as impelled, since it was caused by people or the government and disasters caused from the North and the South korean war.
https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/north-korea-understanding-migration-and-closed-country
Tacbobo, Alyssa May S.
ReplyDeleteReference:
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=TeExjdWUmJYC&pg=PR20&lpg=PR20&dq=indian+migration+to+southeast+asia&source=bl&ots=PXIXLrEhRb&sig=e4Pf3wtaEvk9N_ncjNvU97LmfEs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj59r6AycXZAhXCW5QKHehBDuoQ6AEwA3oECAUQAQ#v=onepage&q=indian%20migration%20to%20southeast%20asia&f=false
The Indian Migration to Southeast Asia is one of the large-scale movement and settlement of one community to another. This Indian expansion was due to Western colonialism and capitalism where Indians were forced to migrate. Although, it is hard to deny that the later generations of Indian communities in Southeast Asia are product of this western influence, these Indians are now focusing on education and business. They have integrated themselves in the economic developments of their respective countries such as Myanmar, Malaysia,and Singapore.
This Indian Migration could be associated with the Theory of Coffey. The Indians already had the tendency to migrate to these countries (Myanmar, Malaysia, and Singapore) because their mind is structured to think these places are more developed , and there is much more opportunities for them. Also, looking at the landscape of Southeast Asia, Singapore could be considered as the most developed city, and as the distance go further like for instance the Philippines, there are only a trickle of migrants found in this country.
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ReplyDeleteLISONDRA, Llianne Margarette D.
ReplyDeleteSource: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34131911
Last 2015, more than a million migrants and refugees crossed Europe, majority of these migrants are from Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, Kosovo, Albania, Pakistan, Entrea, Nigeria, Iran and Ukraine. These migrants have been moving to Europe since there is an ongoing violence, abuses and poverty in the said countries. These migrants travel through sea and by land, according to The International Organization for Migration, 1,011,700 arrived by sea and 34,900 by land and in their travel, there have been reports that people died trying to cross the Mediterranean. On the brighter side, there are asylum applications for the migrants to fill up for the EU to make a move in order to help the migrants.
This is a good example of Decision Making because the migrants were not forced to leave their own country, but it was their own decision to go to the different countries in Europe and migrate. Making their decision was because of the problem that is going on in the region. If they did not leave their country and decided to go to Europe, all of them might end up dead. The war, the economy, the chaos impelled them from moving
Castro, Angelyn May L.
ReplyDeleteSOURCE: http://www.unhcr.org/south-sudan-emergency.html
South Sudan Refugee Crisis
One of the most alarming refugee crises in the world is that of the refugees coming from South Sudan in Africa. Due to the civil war that is now happening in South Sudan, most of the people fear imminent attack or struggle with food security that is why they choose to flee to other countries in hopes of finding safety. It is said that the situation in South Sudan and neighboring countries has quickly escalated into a full-blown humanitarian emergency. Inside South Sudan, nearly two million people are displaced internally, while outside the country there are now over two million South Sudanese refugees, mainly in Ethiopia, Sudan, and Uganda. Uganda currently hosts the most South Sudanese refugees, having taken in more than one million.
The theory that can be applied here in the situation of the South Sudan refugee crisis is the Theory of Ferney and Pitkethley. Under this theory, they said that migration is either forced or impelled. It can be categorized under forced or impelled if the people who migrated did not want to go in the first place but due to unforeseen circumstances, they already lost the chance to stay. For the people of South Sudan, they were forced to migrate to the neighboring countries because of their fear to be attacked due to the civil war that is happening in their country and also because of their fear of food insecurity. We can deduce from both of the reasons that they migrated because there is a need for survival.
Nayve, Myla Nicole M.
ReplyDeletehttp://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.602.3237&rep=rep1&type=pdf
The Chinese immigrants in the United States of America is one of the highest foreign immigrants in the country. With the elimination of the racial criteria from the US immigration policy in 1965, a lot of chinese from the People’s Republic of China immigrated to the United States in search for jobs and education. However, this did not hinder the Chinese immigrants to still connect and communicate with their families and relatives in their homeland. This network and connection between the two created an important role in shaping the Chinese immigrants’ experience in the country, transforming them into a trans-pacific community. And with the immeasurable amount of chinese immigrants coming to the USA, these immigrants had formed transnational community organizations and communities which binded Chinese immigrants together as a community.
This scenario can be explained by the theory of Boccagni which is about the two forms of transnational social ties, the private transnationalism and public localism. Private transnationalism is characterized by the Chinese immigrants coming to the USA who still connect, communicate, send their remmitances to their family in their homeland. These immigrants are still reaching out to their country origin. On the other hand, public localism is seen from the Chinese immigrants forming an organization and community that let them unite as a one community. This is a form of localizing their culture by means of uniting and creating communities of fellow Chinese immigrants.
Duran, Katrina B.
ReplyDeleteSource: https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/06/18/national/social-issues/japanese-brazilians-struggle-dual-identities-mutual-exclusions/#.WpUGwSOB3jA
Nikkeijin are Japanese immigrants that reside in a foreign country (people of Japanese descent). Brazil is one of the countries that has become a home for a significant number of Nikkeijin. For William Takahiro Higuchi and Wagner Yoshihiro Higuchi, second-generation Japanese-Brazilians brothers, they chose to reside in Sao Paulo, Brazil and were taught ever since they were kids that they were not only Brazilian, but Japanese as well.
This scenario can be related to King and Christou's theory. The Japanese calls Japanese-Brazilians "dekasegi" which means "working away from home" even though they view Japan, not Brazil as their home. This then would push the Japanese-Brazilians to return to their homeland (in this case, Brazil) even though it is not the land of their birth (Japan). It doesn't matter that these immigrants cherish their roots as Japanese, other Japanese people will always find it difficult to accept Japanese-Brazilians as one of their own.
Sanchez, Jhiane Monique R.
ReplyDeletehttps://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/03/5-facts-that-show-india-is-a-migration-superpower
The country of India was known to be the top source of international migrants because almost half of the people that were born in India were living in other countries. The number of international Indian migrants has more than doubled over the past 25 years, growing about twice as fast as the world’s total migrant population. Indian migrants are just staying in three different countries: United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, and United States of America. Over the past decades, millions and millions of Indians have already migrated there to find an employment as laborers.
Decision making may be applied in this scenario because by knowing India, it is known for its poverty and also for its lack of laborers. That is why the Indians were forced to move in other country just to work and earn money. Given the huge population and poverty, India needs an employment centric economy whereas millions of micro, small and medium business units. Only they can employ the unskilled or low skilled people from the vast pool of the poor. But it is still unsure if the business in India will be patronized by its government.
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ReplyDeleteInes, Rozell Joshua G.
ReplyDeleteReference: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zionism
Zionism: The Call for a Jewish nation
Zionism was a nationalist movement for the establishment and creation of a Jewish state that was founded by Theodor Herzl. It was at the year 1897 that Theodor Herzl first convened the Zionist congress in Switzerland. The call for the establishment of a Jewish nation became even stronger during the outbreak of the Second World War, in which European Jews fled Europe due to the Holocaust and it was at this time where Jewish migrants who sought refuge in Palestine and the United States embraced Zionism. On November 29, 1947, the United Nations proposed a partition of Palestine and give the Jews a place to call home, and by May 14, 1948, Israel was established, giving the Jewish people who were wandering the world for thousands of years a place to call home. But shortly in 1948, the Arab states did not agree with what happened to Palestine, and thus the Arab-Israeli War broke out, but in the end, the Jewish people finally found a place to return to after years of exile.
There are two theories that can be appropriated for Zionist movement of the Jewish people. First is the Second-Generation return by King and Christou, in which after the Jews learned their history and what happened to them, most of the scholars embraced Theodor Herzl's call for a Jewish state. Most of this scholars were educated and bilingual. These descendants of the Jewish were the ones who were able to return to their land that was once lost. The second theory that can be applied is from Koinova. Koinova states that Diasporas are agents of democratization and that the displaced people participate in pro-democratic action and challenge the sovereignty in their homeland. The displaced Jews in America and Europe all embraced Zionism, especially during and after the Second World War. True enough the United Nations granted them a place to call home but at a price of angering the Arab states
https://museumsvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=17
ReplyDeleteEnglish immigrants have been the largest group to migrate to Australia since the establishment of New South Wales as the first penal colony in 1788. Many more English immigrants were lured to Victoria by the gold rush of the 1850s. By 1854 there were 97,943 England-born people in Victoria. After World War II, even as immigration from other countries expanded dramatically, English citizens had almost unrestricted entry into Australia. Arthur Calwell, Minister for Immigration, wanted nine out of ten new immigrants to be British. The majority of England-born migrants received assisted passages until the scheme was abolished in 1982.
Boccagni's Theory of Transnationalism can be applied in this scenario. It can be seen in this scenario that there is a stronger connection with globalization studies, further elaboration on the reference points of transnational ties and a deeper reflection on the relevance of identifications and senses of belonging to migrant connections with their homeland. Along these lines, an understanding of transnational ties and relationships is outlined. in terms of potential and selective attributes of day-to-day interactions between migrants and their non-migrant counterparts. In terms of potential and selective attributes of day-to-day interactions between migrants and their non-migrant counterparts.
https://thetyee.ca/News/2017/07/03/Growing-Up-Chinese-Canadian/
ReplyDeleteTracking back Chinese migration to Canada have been treated very differently. The first to arrive in British Columbia as imported workers were officially barred from citizenship labelled a threat to a vision of Canada as a white, British nation. Until the end of the Second World War, being of Chinese descent restricted where you could live and where you could work. But in 1993, five years after the passage of Canada’s Multiculturalism Act, a law that stated all citizens could practise their religions, keep their cultural identities, and access opportunities without discrimination. Hong kong Chinese, Main Land Chinese, and Taiwanese who are also considered Chinese have began to flew to Canada.
This kind of scenario is related to the theory of Boccagni which explains two forms of transnational social ties, the private transnationalism and public localism. Private transnationalism is characterized by the Chinese immigrants coming to the Canada who still connect with their families in China and communicate with them. These immigrants are still reaching out to their country origin. On the other hand, public localism is seen from the Chinese immigrants forming an organization and community most especially from different states like British Columbia, Richmond, and Winnipeg that let them unite as a one community. This is a form of localizing their culture by means of establishing their culture and commodifying it like selling Chinese goods and establishing Chinese restaurant, and practicing their traditions in Canada.
Alvarez, Sophia Teresita
ReplyDeletesource: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/its-population-ages-japan-quietly-turns-immigration
Japan is one of the most aging populations in the world, in which it is rapidly increasing up until the present. In line with this, they are experiencing an increased labor shortage because a quarter of its population are aged 65 and above. Even though the government of Japan promoted different labor force participation for elderly and women workers over increased immigration, the resident foreign workforce has firmly risen, growing 40 percent since 2013 alone. The Japanese society still has the perception of cultural homogeneity and for them, immigration still remains unpopular. To somehow address the economic problems resulting from aging, policymakers are forced to court immigrants as mitigating factors or as potential solutions.
This country profile is an example of labor migration in which because of its continuous aging population, the country already needed foreign migrants to work for them. After decades of low birthrate, its population fell. In line with this, the country slowly opened its doors for foreign migrant workers, especially from Southeast Asia in order for them to help the economy of Japan.
Garcia, Ria Rochelle M.
ReplyDeleteSource:
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/29829/economics-wp-309.pdf
In a study done in Thailand from 2008 and 2010, the researchers studied 2,000 hoseholds in three provinces Northeastern Thailand that had rural to urban migrants. From a career on agriculture to any career found in the cities. Some were successful enough but some ended up with bad employers. Thailand has had a long history of this type of migration.
This movement is a kind of Internal Migration wherein there is a movement a change in residence locally. Specifically, this is called a Rural-Urban Migration wherein according to Coffey's theory, this movement of province to city is more likely to occur than the opposite because urban areas have a larger population which translates to more job opportunities and eventually, it allows more growth for the economy. The people who chose to move usually seek for better opportunities to earn for their own families. Furthermore, depending on the case of the migrant, they may have done it voluntarily, they were forced to, or they were impelled to do so.
Cuevas, Madeline Gaile J.
ReplyDeleteSource: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-40399050
One of the famous places or countries rather, where Filipinos migrate to is in Canada. It’s a country which is famous for its need for humanitarian services and has a good quality education which is actually the case for Aimee Beboso and her family who migrated to Canada when she was only 13 years old. According to her, they migrated to Canada for two reasons which is first, some of their relatives were already residing in the country namely, three uncles, a grandmother and a cousin. Second reason was for her and her siblings to have a better education which makes these two reasons a good example for Boccagni’s Theory Transnationalism where he discusses about private transnationalism and public localism.
As I was reading the story of Beboso and her family, I realized it is a good example for Boccagni’s theory of transnationalism, specifically for the two terms Boccagni used which is the ‘Private Transnationalism’ and ‘Public Localism’. Private Transnationalism refers to the ongoing kinship-based relationship of the migrants to their country of origin which can be seen with how the relatives of Beboso are still keeping in contact with them while they were still in the Philippines and were even able to influence them into coming to Canada after hearing the benefits they will receive upon residing there. Second, Public Localism refers to the relationship of the migrants and the receiving state which can be seen upon Beboso and her family’s adjustment to the nature of jobs and the people in general. Beboso, like any other migrant, would usually experience bullying but she tried to adjust to this nature until people slowly accepted her for some reasons and also, her mother was the one who had major adjustments upon migrating there for she was a private school teacher in the Philippines but there were so many other papers needed for her to be able to continue her profession there so for quite some time she flipped burgers as Beboso would describe it. Now, Beboso and all her siblings are degree holders and I quote, “And we owe it to the life offered by Canada.” which is the result of Public Localism where they create a bond or relationship with their migrant state in order to adjust and blend in with the local people there.
Padro, Junella Marie D.
ReplyDeleteSource: https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/japans-north-korean-diaspora/
North Korean Diaspora in Japan called Chongryon
Originally a Korean diaspora group that was a politically neutral organization which was tasked to help millions of KOreans living Japan return to their hometown or assist those whom decided to stay. Eventually as the Korean peninsula divided
In the year 1955, tensions also grew within the Korean community in Japan thus they also had a separation. Pro-North Korea community reorganized as the General Association of Korean Residents in Japan or Chongryon. The Chongryon community is still standing up to this day. And their identities remain highly intact with North Korean Influence. They have schools located in Tokyo and their curriculum remains autonomous from Japanese policies and ideologies.
This is an example of private transnationalism. Despite decades of physical separation from the country of origin linkages in different forms are taking place. Some say that the North Korean Diaspora is a de facto embassy of the regime in Japan
Their community has stronghold to the roots of their cultural and ideological identities. Apart from that they had also structured an economic community. The Chongryongye enterprises as a an agent of mobilizing their influence on member’s livelihood and education. And this enterprises used to have investments in North Korea before it was reduced around in 1990s
Garcia, Marinella
ReplyDeleteSource:https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/filipino-immigrants-united-states
Filipino immigrants constitute one of the largest foreign-born groups in the United States. Since 1990, the Philippines has been consistently among the top five countries of origin, and was the fourth largest in 2013, accounting for 4.5 percent of the 41.3 million total immigrant population in the United States.By 1934, Filipino migration to the United States slowed dramatically due to both the Great Depression and the passing of the Tydings-McDuffie Act. The act, which committed the U.S. to grant Philippine independence by 1945, also placed unprecedented quotas on immigration from the islands to only 50 per year. Overseas filipino workers who migrate to the US for good and stay connected with their families to petition them to go to US.
Occcupational approach can be seen in the text above. Because of the reason that the overseas filipino workers go to the US to work.The purpose of their migration is to work and to be able to give money to their family back in the philippines. With the strong history and connection of the United States and the Philippines, the employers are aware of how the workers can be useful in their respective jobs. There could be cases of illegal aliens in hiding for jobs but there are skilled educated filipino workers who exist.
Oreiro, Cara Angelica B.
ReplyDeleteSource: https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/07/18/us-study-examines-college-experiences-1st-and-2nd-generation-immigrants
According to the study conducted in 2007 to 2008 "New Americans in Postsecondary Education: A Profile of Immigrant and Second-Generation American Undergraduates," in the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study where the research’s process was to compare subgroups of first- and second-generation students to one another and to the overall undergraduate student population in higher education and the purpose which is to provide data on the population as well as the temperament of the immigrant students in the campus including the data on the students’ experiences in college.
It was then determined that the Asian immigrants held the highest population of student immigrants and Latinos/Hispanic and the whites comes next. On the second generation population, the Hispanics top the bar with forty percent in student immigrant second generation population. Thirty-two percent and thirty-eight percent of first as well as second generation respectively, of the Asian and the Latino student immigrant population were on the lowest socioeconomic background. Yet, the study showed that eighty-eight percent of the student immigrants primary language used at home is English.
This is applicable to King and Christou’s Second Generation Return. The second generation’s tendency to go back to their homeland (which is not their place of birth) posed a higher percentage for these immigrants according to the study because of the educational factor as well as language or the bilingual capacity of the student immigrants.
Hilario, Paolo B.
ReplyDeleteThe United States has encountered large number of immigrants from Haiti. It is the poorest country of the western hemisphere. In late 1960’s, only 5,000 Haitians lived in the United States. As time passed by, by 2015, their population increased to 676,000 because of natural disasters, endemic poverty, and political instability experienced by the Haitians in their country.
In line with natural disasters that were experienced by the Haitians, this migration is considered as primitive migration. For instance, the people are moving because of natural disasters. The people are forced to move because of natural forces. People are moving to nearby areas which is free from natural disasters for their convenience.
Menor, Kim Darryl L.
ReplyDeleteLink: https://scholar.dickinson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com.ph/&httpsredir=1&article=1267&context=student_honors
Marketing a brand or better yet, pop culture has fascinated many people in the world.
With the Emergence of Japanese pop and Korean pop, how does Korea and Japan market their own pop culture? With the help of Social media/ Mass Media, Korean and Japanese Pop culture is thriving in the world today. Youtube, Facebook, Streaming Websites and the Internet helps Kpop and Jpop to be seen and heard throughout the whole world.
According to Kissau, K. and Hunger, U. Network Analysis Method, it is stated that networks like the Internet can be used to dissiminate information. This information is then readily available for others. This is evident in Kpop and Jpop, as they are using the Mass media in order to scatter information. In doing so, culture is also one factor that can be exported with the use of mass media and social media.
Beloy, Megan Bernadette C.
ReplyDeleteSource: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41566561
Today, there are almost a million Rohingya refugee have fled from Mynamar to Bangladesh because they are being persecuted and their homes are being destroyed by the Myanmar officials. Rohingya are a Muslim minority in Myanmar's Rakhine state and they are now stateless because Myanmar does not recognize them as their citizen. It is said that what Myanmar is doing with the Rohingya is called "Ethnic Cleansing" because Myanmar is a predominantly Buddhist country. Myanmar regards the Rohingya as illegal immigrants, a view rooted in their heritage in East Bengal, now called Bangladesh. Though many Rohingya have only known life in Myanmar, they are widely viewed as intruders from across the border.
The situation that is happening with the Rohingya is an example of Conservative migration because they were forced to move to Bangladesh from myanmar in order to retain their existing way of life. It is a conservative migration because they fled Myanmar to be able to escape the killings being done to the Rohingyas in Myanmar. It is said that the Rohingya will just be staying in Bangladesh temporarily because Bangladesh can't really accommodate a large number of population because Bangladesh is also a poor country, and the government of Bangladesh wanted to take back their people.
Vigil, Louie Philippe
ReplyDeleteSource: http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/721581/yolanda-victims-receive-disaster-resistant-homes
https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/disasters/typhoon-yolanda/92650-budget-watchdog-yolanda-resettlement-fund
The victims of Yolanda were said to be resettled to a place and residence provided by the government that was intentionally built for them as the Typhoon managed to damage. "To the recipients of the houses, Esgana said: “It is also because of your help that this project became a reality. As you start to live in this place, I ask for your dedication and commitment to make this a community where responsibility, discipline and prudence thrive. - "This would seem to be the case if you compare the number of houses damaged by Super Typhoon Yolanda (international code name: Haiyan) with resettlement requirements as estimated by the National Housing Authority."
Due to the natural calamity and disaster brought about by the Yolanda typhoon, the people are forced to evacuate and resettle from their place of residence. In Fernie and Pitkethley's theory regarding the Decision Making where the Conservative concept takes place in the forced an impelled migration on a person.
Yangzon, Beatrize R.
ReplyDeletehttps://www.minnpost.com/economy/2018/02/millennials-moving-minnesota-s-cities-isn-t-unique-trend-nor-one-will-necessarily-la
Amy Baldwin and her husband who were in their mid-20s moved southeast to Saint Paul, a city in Minnesota, after graduating from college at the University of North Dakota. She started graduate school at Hamline University in Saint Paul. Meanwhile, her husband got a job at the University Minnesota Medical Center. Amy Baldwin and her husband are just an example of most Minnesotans moving to Minnesota's cities.
The theory of Coffey can be applied in the case of Amy Baldwin and her husband. Coffey's theory suggests that migration tends towards cities where it is believed to have more jobs and opportunities for people to have quality education. Amy Baldwin moved to Saint Paul to start her graduate degree and at the same time her husband found a job in a medical center. With the opportunities present in the cites, most people chose to move towards there, increasing its population. With the increase of population, corporations and businesses in the cities will open up more opportunities to provide education or work for the expected population, leading to the continuous development of the city.
Tay, Kenneth Ian B.
ReplyDeleteLink: https://reliefweb.int/disaster/vo-2018-000005-phl
On the evening of 14 January, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHILVOLCS) raised Mayon Volcano’s alert level from II to III, signifying that Mayon has increased tendency towards hazardous eruption. On the morning of 15 January 2018, two lava collapse events occurred in the volcano, producing rockfall and small-volume pyroclastic density currents. Ash clouds were also produced with ashfalls reported in 29 villages (barangays) in the municipalities of Camalig and Guinobatan in the southwest of the volcano. Furthermore, on 16 January, lava flow and more rockfall events and short pyroclastic flows were also observed. PHILVOLCS recommended that the 6-km permanent danger zone and a 7-km extended danger zone be enforced due to the danger of rockfalls, landslides and sudden explosions or dome collapse that may generate hazardous volcanic flows. As a result of the heightened alert level, precautionary evacuations have been conducted in 25 villages (barangays) in 3 municipalities and 2 cities. On 24 Jan 2018, the danger zone has been further extended to a 9 km radius. As of today Mayon Volcano remains on Level 4 alert. As of 5 February, 86,000 people are affected, with 65,000 people staying in 59 evacuation centres. A total of 57 schools and 91,300 students within the 6-9-kilometer danger zones are affected.
This is an example of the theory of impelled migration by of Fernie and Pithkethley which states that citizens were forced to migrate due to natural calamity. The 6-9-kilometer danger zones are implemented in order for the citizens to have their safety.
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ReplyDeleteVelasco, Danah Marie D.
ReplyDeleteLink: http://stand.uow.edu.au/moving-far-away-home-university/
Hannah Woods lives in an urban place called Tamworth in Australia, she then decided to move to Wollongong to study in a University. Tamworth is six hours away from Wollongong which means it will be hard for Hannah and her parents to see each other more often.
In this scenario, Hannah’s story can be an example on the concept of Decision Making. In the place of Hannah’s parents, it may be hard for them to be away with their daughter. Hannah voluntarily decided to move six hours away from her home seeing that there is more greater opportunity for her if she’ll stay in rural area most especially for education. She took advantage of the new opportunities that awaits her by living in a rural area. While Hannah and her parents were still adapting to their new adjustment, Hannah learned to make connections by surrounding herself with new network of friends she built up and she became more independent.
Yelim, Jo
ReplyDeletehttps://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/transnational-migrants-when-home-means-more-one-country
Take Shrewsbury, a Boston suburb with expensive homes and neatly trimmed lawns. It seems like any other well-to-do American community. But the mailboxes at the end of those long driveways reveal a twist: almost all are labeled "Patel" or "Bhagat."
Over the past 20 years, Indian immigrants from Gujarat State have moved from villages and small towns in western India, first to rental apartment complexes in northeastern Massachusetts, and then to their own homes in subdivisions outside Boston. Watching these suburban dwellers work, attend school, and build religious congregations here, casual observers might conclude that yet another wave of immigrants has successfully joined in the pursuit of the American dream.
Transnational migrants work, pray, and express their political interests in several contexts rather than in a single nation-state. Some will put down roots in a host country, maintain strong homeland ties, and belong to religious and political movements that span the globe. These allegiances are not antithetical to one another.
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ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeletesorry for the mess po :(
DeleteLim Sara
ReplyDeleteSource : http://adst.org/2014/07/the-vietnamese-boat-people/
As been explained by Dahinden, transnational outsiders of group are Asylum seekers, undocumented migrants are migrants in situations of social and economic marginalization. Typically, Vietnamese Boat People from 1970’s to 1980’s on foreign shores can be an example of Dahinden’s concept of mobility across places. Most of the boat people left Vietnam in decrepit, leaky and overcrowded boats to flee from communist political harassment. As high as 1.5M people escaped. However other Southeast Asian countries were unable to accommodate such huge number of people, there for refugees were not welcomed. And eventually, towed back out to see.
The major initial challenges like language, barriers, family issues, mental health and unemployment, that they faced were as characterized by Dahinden in his concept of Transnational outsiders. Vietnamese have arrived in foreign land primarily as refuges while little or no money to maintain life. with poor academic and financial background, they could not build strong transnationalism . in addition to this, these migrants did not circulate between their country of origin and the immigration country due to persecution of home country and their legal status as refuges/displaced/transferred people.
Tenchavez, Joshia Cedric D.
ReplyDeleteLink: https://www.cicnews.com/2014/01/story-filipino-immigration-canada-013193.html
Filipino immigrants to Canada are continuously rising since it started on the year 1930s. Most of them live as caregivers and nurses across Canada. Since the 1990s, Filipinos are conquering the major cities like Winnipeg and Toronto. As a matter of fact, there were 200,000 Filipinos are now living in Toronto area, more than any other city. Many Filipinos have worked hard to bring their families in Canada once they get their permanent residency.
This type of migration can be applied to Decision Making. Most of the Filipinos who chose to migrate to Canada because of famine, difficulty of living, and unstable political situation in the Philippines. The first group are the individuals who worked hard as caregivers and nurses until they get their permanent residency. The second group are the family and relatives that were petitioned by the individuals to reunite with him in Canada, and those people who moved for better job, education, and living.
Torres, Frances Thea R.
ReplyDeleteSource: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41566561
The Rohingya people fled to Myanmar since the 1970s. The Rohingyas are Muslims mostly living in the Rakhine state. They speak their own language and practice their own culture. They are said to be originated from Arab traders who have been living in the region for generations. Myanmar is a predominantly Buddhist country, hence the denial of their religion and beliefs—they were even excluded from 2014 census, therefore the nation sees them as illegal immigrants from Bangladesh. 288 villages were destroyed and atleast 6,700 Rohingyas were killed in August 2017.
There were already around 307, 500 Rohingya refugees living in camps. The largest refugee camp is Kutupalong. This is an example of old diaspora which is a forced disperal and there is no full integration to the migrant state. According to BBC "the UN Security Council appealed to Myanmar to stop the violence but no sanctions have been imposed".
Rodriguez, Clarissa S.
ReplyDeleteLink:https://blog.education.nationalgeographic.org/2015/08/27/mapping-migration-after-hurricane-katrina/
In August 25 to 31 2005, Hurricane Katrina hit different areas in the United States. These are New Orleans, Cuba, Alabama, Louisiana, Bahamas and many more. It is known as one of the costliest Atlantic Hurricane with casualties and damages up to $125 Billion. Because of the mass destruction caused by the hurricane, many people from New Orleans were forced to migrate to Harris County, Texas as it was near it (about five hours).
This is an example of Fernie and Pithkethley’s Theory of Impelled Migration. This is when people of the state are forced to leave and migrate due to natural calamity or disaster. The people of New Orleans had no choice but to leave Orlean Parish as their homes were destructed. Harris County had infrastructures and services that can tend to their needs.
Torres, Frances Thea R.
ReplyDeleteSource: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41566561
The Rohingya people fled to Myanmar since the 1970s. The Rohingyas are Muslims mostly living in the Rakhine state. They speak their own language and practice their own culture. They are said to be originated from Arab traders who have been living in the region for generations. Myanmar is a predominantly Buddhist country, hence the denial of their religion and beliefs—they were even excluded from 2014 census, therefore the nation sees them as illegal immigrants from Bangladesh. 288 villages were destroyed and atleast 6,700 Rohingyas were killed in August 2017.
There were already around 307, 500 Rohingya refugees living in camps. The largest refugee camp is Kutupalong. This is an example of old diaspora which is a forced disperal and there is no full integration to the migrant state. According to BBC "the UN Security Council appealed to Myanmar to stop the violence but no sanctions have been imposed".
Dodoyco Janice Jade O.
ReplyDeleteSource: http://blog.jasonshah.org/post/136976660183/second-generation-immigrant-guilt/amp
Jason Shah is a second generation Indian-American. His parents are Indian that migrated to the United States and got married in 1979. He was born in the US and live carefree in the country. He had the opportunity to join Boy Scout, Little League and others. In one Christmas, he saw an Indian family and startrd to feel guilty because he was there enjoying the dinner, staying healthy, and enjoying a prosperous life while there was an immigrants having a dinner in Dunkin' Donut. After that he realized how lucky he is being a second generation migrant of India.
This can be considered as an example of King and Christou's Second Generation Theory. Jason has the previliged to live in the the country although his parents are originally came from India because he was born in the US. If he decided to go back in his homeland and start living there, he has the capacity to adapt easily compared to his parents who are considered as first generation Indians because has the bilingual capability and was educated properly in the US. These can also give the second generation migrants like Jason the capacity to grow economically in their home state.
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ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteMontalbo, Krisean P.
ReplyDeleteLinks: https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/114549-overseas-filipino-workers-facts-figures
https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/survey/labor-force/sof-index
According to POEA, an estimate of around 2.2 million (2016) Filipino workers are currently residing abroad. This statistic alone increases everyday. Filipino workers play a vital role on the economy of the Philippines. They were to send money or remittances to sustain the needs of their loved ones in the Philippines. They are termed as "The New Hero" of the Philippines as they not only work hard and helps the economy, but also had to adapt through cultures that are very different from ours. Saudi Arabia are said to be one of the top destinations for OFWs. Migration occured back in the 1970s when they were in need of workers to work for their infrastructures.
The reason for the migration of these workers are based on Decision-Making. They moved abroad voluntarily/freely. This is where the concept of innovative comes in. These workers were impelled to move for personal development. They may be doing okay here in the Philippines but there's still the need to be better. Usually not for oneself but for the benefit of the family.